10 Генетическая инженерия (1160079), страница 16

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(2) The transfer of genetic information from one cell to anotherby means of a viral vector.transfer RNA (tRNA): A class of RNAmolecules (Mr 25,000 to 30,000), each ofwhich combines covalently with a specificamino acid as the first step in proteinsynthesis.transformation: Introduction of an exogenous DNA into a cell, causing the cell toacquire a new phenotype.transgenic: Describing an organism thathas genes from another organism incorporated within its genome as a result of recombinant DNA procedures.transition state: An activated form of amolecule in which the molecule has undergone a partial chemical reaction; thehighest point on the reaction coordinate.translation: The process in which thegenetic information present in an mRNAmolecule specifies the sequence of aminoacids during protein synthesis.translational control: The regulation ofa protein's synthesis by regulation of therate of its translation on the ribosome.translational repressor: A repressorthat binds to an mRNA, blocking translation.translocase: (1) An enzyme that catalyzes membrane transport.

(2) An enzymethat causes a movement, such as themovement of a ribosome along an mRNA.transpiration: Passage of water from theroots of a plant to the atmosphere via theG-15vascular system and the stomata of theleaves.transporters: Proteins that span a membrane and transport specific nutrients,metabolites, ions, or proteins across themembrane; sometimes called permeases.transposition: The movement of a geneor set of genes from one site in the genome to another.transposon (transposable element): Asegment of DNA that can move from oneposition in the genome to another.triacylglycerol: An ester of glycerol withthree molecules of fatty acid; also called atriglyceride or neutral fat.tricarboxylic acid cycle: See citric acidcycle.triose: A simple sugar with a backbonecontaining three carbon atoms.tRNA: See transfer RNA.tropic hormone (tropin): A peptide hormone that stimulates a specific targetgland to secrete its hormone; for example,thyrotropin produced by the pituitarystimulates secretion of thyroxine by thethyroid.turnover number: The number of timesan enzyme molecule transforms a substrate molecule per unit time, under conditions giving maximal activity at substrate concentrations that are saturating.ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Electromagnetic radiation in the region of 200 to 400nm.uncoupling agent: A substance thatuncouples phosphorylation of ADP fromelectron transfer; for example, 2,4-dinitrophenol.uniport: A transport system that carriesonly one solute, as distinct from cotransport.unsaturated fatty acid: A fatty acidcontaining one or more double bonds.urea cycle: A metabolic pathway in vertebrates, for the synthesis of urea fromamino groups and carbon dioxide; occursin the liver.ureotelic: Excreting excess nitrogen inthe form of urea.uricotelic: Excreting excess nitrogen inthe form of urate (uric acid).G-16Glossaryspecies; generally functions as a component of a coenzyme.Vmax: The maximum velocity of an enzymatic reaction when the binding site issaturated with substrate.vector: A DNA molecule known to replicate autonomously in a host cell, to whicha segment of DNA may be spliced to allowits replication; for example, a plasmid or atemperate-phage DNA.viral vector: A viral DNA altered so thatit can act as a vector for recombinant DNA.virion: A virus particle.virus: A self-replicating, infectious, nucleic acid-protein complex that requiresan intact host cell for its replication; itsgenome is either DNA or RNA.vitamin: An organic substance requiredin small quantities in the diet of somewild type: The normal (unmutated) phenotype.wobble: The relatively loose base pairingbetween the base at the 3' end of a codonand the complementary base at the 5' endof the anticodon.x-ray crystallography: The analysis ofx-ray diffraction patterns of a crystallinecompound, used to determine the molecule's three-dimensional structure.zinc finger: A specialized protein motifinvolved in DNA recognition by someDNA-binding proteins; characterized by asingle atom of zinc coordinated to four Lysresidues or to two His and two Lys residues.zwitterion: A dipolar ion, with spatiallyseparated positive and negative charges.zymogen: An inactive precursor of anenzyme; for example, pepsinogen, the precursor of pepsin..

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