cdvm_guid-e (1158369)
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10
CDVM compiler
(User’s guide)
October 1999
Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
Russian Academy of Sciences
Table of contents
1 Functions of the Compiler 3
2 Invoking the Compiler 3
3 Compiler diagnostics 4
3.1 Fatal errors 4
3.2 Scanner and parser diagnostics 4
3.3 File level and operator errors 4
3.4 Declarations 5
3.5 Declaration and usage of DVM-objects 6
3.6 DISTRIBUTE, ALIGN, TEMPLATE 6
3.7 malloc & access to distributed data 7
3.8 PARALLEL loop 8
3.9 SHADOW 8
3.10 REDUCTION 9
3.11 Procedures 9
3.12 Data tracing 9
3.13 Miscellaneous 9
1Functions of the Compiler
C-DVM is the C language extended by special annotations for specifying parallel execution of the program. These annotations are called DVM-directives.
C-DVM compiler is DVM-system tool to translate an annotated CDVM program to a SPMD stile program in C language containing Run-Time library (Lib-DVM) calls. Then the resulted program (with INCLUDE-file cdvm_c.h) must be translated by any C-compiler and linked with Lib-DVM library.
Besides "pure" parallel code the compiler can produce an "extended" debugging code to use features of the performance analyzer (PPPA) and the data tracer, and "sequential" program (i.e. without Lib-DVM calls) with debugging extensions used to obtain performance characteristics of source program and so called "reference" trace for trace comparison.
2Invoking the Compiler
The following command line starts the C-DVM compiler up:
dvm сdv [<options>] <infile>
where
| <infile> | - represents source file to be compiled. The compiler processes the file named by <infile>.cdv. The current directory is searched for the source file. It is assumed that the file was compiled by standard C compiler and is correct with respect to C syntax. C-DVM compiler does not perform standard C syntax and semantics checking. |
| -o <outfile> | - output file name for converted program (optional; by default it is <infile>.c). If C-DVM compiler detected errors, the file is not created. Error messages are output to the file cdvm_msg. |
<options> - one or more options from the following list:
-s – generate sequential program (no Lib-DVM calls, debugging extensions only); by default, parallel program is generated;
-p –generate parallel program;
Trace modes:
-d1 – tracing only DVM-array updates,
-d2 – tracing DVM-arrays reading and updates,
-d3 – tracing all data updates,
-d4 – tracing all data reading and updates;
Note1. Loop iteration execution is traced in any mode.
Performance analyzer modes:
-e1 – measuring parallel loops and enclosing sequential loops,
-e2 – measuring parallel loops and user defined INTERVALs,
-e3 = e1 + e2,
-e4 = e3 + all other sequential loops;
Note 2. Only sequential loops, specified by DO and FOR macros are taken into account. Standard C loops (for, while, do) are not measured.
Others:
-v – verbose mode, output informational messages to the screen,
-w – all warnings are enabled,
-w- – no warnings are enabled,
-xN – system table size (-x16 – by default),
3Compiler diagnostics
3.1Fatal errors
Fatal errors terminate execution. They include:
-
command line parameters (option syntax) errors;
-
open errors of required files – check whether file exists and is accessible;
-
system table overflow – try to increase their size by –xN option (by default: –x16)
3.2Scanner and parser diagnostics
The scanner stops and outputs a message in the case of:
-
unclosed char or string constant;
-
unclosed comment;
Invalid characters and “/*” in comment are skipped with according message.
The parser stops if it found:
-
“Unexpected <token>” – possible terminal symbol not found;
-
“<construct> expected” – but not found;
-
“<construct> syntax” – is incorrect.
3.3File level and operator errors
"The 'main' should get the command line parameters"
The command line parameters are necessary to initialize Lib-DVM.
"The 'main' should 'return <rc>;' for the Lib-DVM"
The user return code is passed to an operating system by the Lib-DVM.
"Implicitly created objects must precede 'main'"
Distributed arrays, templates, processors arrangements (and so on) with constant dimensions are created at the beginning of the main function, so all of them should be known at this point.
"'main' required for implicitly created objects"
Distributed arrays, templates, processors arrangements (and so on) with constant dimensions are created at the beginning of the main function, so the main function must exist in the file.
"DVM-operator outside function"
DVM-statement is placed outside function.
"Misplaced declarative DVM-directive"
Declarative directive after or in a statement.
"DVM-directive requires a non-empty operator"
This directive is a specification of a statement. It should not be followed by ‘;’.
"Should be followed by the ';'"
This directive is a statement itself. So it should be followed by ‘;’.
"TASK_REGION must be a sequence of ON-blocks or ON-loop"
TASK_REGION can not contain statements without ON directive.
"Not allowed in a PARALLEL loop"
Collective operation can not be performed on a separate processor.
3.4Declarations
"DVM-object should be defined as 'void * '"
DVM syntax convention.
"DVM-arrays may be int, long, float, or double only"
DVM-system limitation.
"Scalar can not be distributed"
Scalars are always implicitly replicated.
"DVM-pointer should be a C-pointer"
DVM(* …) requires <type> * <id>.
"'*' is valid only with DISTRIBUTE and ALIGN"
'*' can be used in DISTRIBUTE and ALIGN directives only.
"Only 1D-arrays of ptrs to DVM-arrays supported"
Compiler limitation. Only one-dimensional arrays of pointers to distributed arrays are allowable.
"Unsupported declarator for distributed data"
Unsupported declarator for distributed data.
"Can not initialize DVM-objects"
An initializer can't be specified for DVM objects and arrays.
"DVM declarator syntax error"
Other syntax error in declarator.
3.5Declaration and usage of DVM-objects
"Undefined"
Undefined identifier is used in DVM-directive. Sequential program may be compiled correctly if the identifier is used in DVM-directives only.
"This is not a DVM-object"
The object used in DVM-directive is not DVM-object.
"Rank error"
Rank in usage does not match with rank of definition.
"This is not a REDUCTION_GROUP"
DVM-directive requires parameters of definite class.
"This is not a SHADOW_GROUP"
DVM-directive requires parameters of definite class.
"This is not a REMOTE_GROUP"
DVM-directive requires parameters of definite class.
"This is not a TASK"
DVM-directive requires parameters of definite class.
"An array of void* required."
The array of (void *) pointers is required.
"MAP-target must be a processors section"
CDVM syntax.
"ON-target must be an element of task array"
CDVM syntax.
3.6DISTRIBUTE, ALIGN, TEMPLATE
"'[*]' is only allowed in DVM( * DISTRIBUTE...)"
CDVM syntax.
"Array should be defined as DVM(DISTRIBUTE...)"
DVM-array should be defined as DVM(DISTRIBUTE...)
"GENBLOCK requires non-distributed 1D integer array"
Semantic constrain.
"ONTO target must be a TASK or a PROCESSORS"
"ONTO target must be an element of task array"
"Align-expression syntax: [-][A*]var[+B|-B]"
Only linear expression are allowed.
"Already used align|do variable"
Two alignment expressions with the same variable are not allowed.
"The base of a static should be a (known) static"
All “static” DVM arrays are automatically malloc’ed at the beginning of the main function in order of declaration. The base of ALIGNed array must exist before creation of this array.
"The parameter should be a (non-static) TEMPLATE"
Wrong parameter of the CREATE_TEMPLATE directive.
3.7malloc & access to distributed data
"DVM-malloc requires (dim1*...*sizeof(...))"
Distributed array creation requires of all dimensions of this array
"Is it 'sizeof(<element type>)' ?"
The last multiplier of malloc is supposed to be the size of array element.
"Only DVM-arrays may be malloc'ed"
The DVM-pointer is used to create DVM array by malloc function.
"Static DVM-array can not be malloc'ed"
Static arrays can't be created by malloc function. They are created automatically at the beginning of main function.
"Only DVM-pointers may be assigned"
DVM arrays may be assigned only by malloc().
"REDISTRIBUTE|REALIGN must follow this malloc"
To properly create (malloc) DVM array that has been declared without distribution/alignment stuff, this information must be provided here.
"Can not assign to REMOTE"
REMOTE_ACCESS semantic constrain.
"Can not get REMOTE address"
REMOTE_ACCESS semantic constrain. The & operator can't be applied to remote-access data.
"Possible non-local assignment. Use DVM(OWN)"
Left hand side of assignment in sequential branch is element of distributed array.
"Only 1..4-D arrays may be distributed"
Syntax limitation. Distributed arrays of 1-4 rank are supported only.
"Too many distributed dimensions"
Special case of “Rank error”
"Not all distributed dimensions"
Special case of “Rank error”.
3.8PARALLEL loop
"Duplicated or incompatible sub-directive"
PARALLEL loop header constrain. (Incompatible subdirectives are SHADOW_RENEW, SHADOW_START and SHADOW_WAIT subdirectives and all subdirectives with ON <task>).
"Too many headers in the PARALLEL loop"
Use {} to separate distributed header and internal sequential one.
"Not enough headers in the PARALLEL loop"
DVM allows tightly nested parallel loops only.
"Not a PARALLEL loop variable"
The variable in a distributed DO/FOR header must be listed in the PARALLEL loop header.
"PARALLEL loop variables disordered"
Loop variable must be listed it the PARALLEL header in the same order they are used in DO/FOR loop headers.
"Variable already used"
Two alignment expressions with the same variable are not allowed.
"Loop variable required"
Empty ‘[ ]’ in PARALLEL loop header are not allowed.
"Only 'long' or 'int' scalar loop variables allowed"
Lib-DVM limitation.
3.9SHADOW
"Declared (or default) maximum width exceeded"
The width necessary for a shadow operation exceeds the width provided in array creation (declaration).
"1D-array's shadow has no CORNERs"
Warning. Keyword is useless in this context.
3.10REDUCTION
Reduction operation syntax or semantics violation:
"Undefined RVAR"
"Wrong type of RVAR"
"Undefined RLOC"
"Wrong type of RLOC"
"Unallowed RVAR-expression"
"Unallowed RLOC-expression"
3.11Procedures
"Parameter should be defined as DVM(*...)"
DVM arrays are passed by reference.
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