CCNA4_M6_Network_Management (1130800)
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CCNA – Semester4Module 6Network ManagementObjectives• Differences between a NOS and a traditional OS• Identify network management tools• Describe SNMP and CMIPWorkstations and ServersWorkstations• A workstation uses special softwares to perform thefollowing tasks:– Intercepts user data and application commands– Decides if the command is for the local operating system or for theNOS.– Directs the command to the local operating system or to the networkinterface card (NIC) for processing and transmission onto the network– Delivers transmissions from the network to the application running onthe workstationServer• Server systems must be equipped to supportmultiple concurrent users and multiple tasks asclients make demands on the server for remoteresources.• Servers usually have high-capacity, high-speeddisk drives, large amounts of RAM, high-speedNICs, and in some cases, multiple CPUs.Introduction to NOS• A computer OS is the software foundation onwhich computer applications and services runon a workstation.• A NOS enables communication betweenmultiple devices and the sharing of resourcesacross a network.Windows NT• NT 4 was designed to provide an environment formission critical business that would be more stable thanthe Microsoft consumer operating systems.• Program failures are isolated and do not require asystem restart.• Windows provide preemptive multitasking, file levelsecurity, file-by-file compressionWindows 2000 Professional• Windows 2000 Professional is not designed tobe a full NOS.• The primary purpose is to be part of a domainas a client-side operating system.• It can be a file server, a print server, an FTPserver, and a web server, but will only supportup to ten simultaneous connections.Windows 2000 Server• The Active Directory Services feature serves as thecentralized point of management of users, groups,security services, and network resources.• It includes the multipurpose capabilities required forworkgroups and branch offices as well as fordepartmental deployments of file and print servers,application servers, web servers, and communicationservers.• Windows 2000 Advanced Server provides the additionalhardware and software support needed for enterpriseand extremely large networks.Windows .NET Server• Windows .NET Server is built on the Windows2000 Server kernel, but tailored to provide asecure and reliable system to run enterpriselevel web and FTP sites in order to compete withthe Linux and UNIX server operating systems.Origins of UNIX• UNIX was designed to support multiple users,multitasking and marketed for network servers only.• UNIX, in its various forms, continues to advance itsposition as the reliable, secure OS of choice for missioncritical applications that are crucial to the operation of abusiness or other organization.• UNIX is also tightly integrated with TCP/IP.Origins of Linux• Linux was UNIX-like in its operation but usedsoftware code that was open and completelyfree of charge to all users.• Linux is one of the most powerful and reliableoperating systems in the world today.• Application support must be considered whenLinux is implemented on a desktop system.Apple• Apple Macintosh computers were designed foreasy networking in a peer-to-peer, workgroupsituation.• Network interfaces are included as part of thehardware and networking components are builtinto the Macintosh operating system.• The Macintosh, or Mac, is popular in manyeducational institutions and corporate graphicsdepartments.MAC OSX• Mac OS X support forprotected memory,preemptive multitasking,advanced memorymanagement, andsymmetricmultiprocessing.
Itallows AppleTalk andWindows connectivity.Concept of service on servers• Remote management is a powerful service that allowsadministrators to configure networked systems that aremiles apart.• Network processes are referred to as services inWindows 2000 and daemons in UNIX and Linux.Network ManagementNetwork management requirements•The network administrator must actively manage the network,diagnose problems, prevent situations from occurring, andprovide the best performance of the network for the users.Network management modelSNMP and CMIP standardsSNMP protocols• SNMP was adopted as the standard for TCP/IPinternets in 1989• SNMPv2c provides support for centralized anddistributed network management strategies,improves the SMI, protocol operations,management architecture, and security.• SNMPv3 provides secure access to MIBs byauthenticating and encrypting packets over thenetwork.Organizational model for SNMP•The organizational model for SNMP based network management includes fourelements:––––Management stationManagement agentManagement information baseNetwork management protocolNetwork management station• Usually a standalone workstation, but it may beimplemented over several systems.• It includes a collection of software called the networkmanagement application (NMA).• SNMP uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) andcommunicates over ports 161 and 162.
It is based on anexchange of messages. There are three commonmessage types:– Get: Enables the management station to retrieve the value of MIBobjects from the agent.– Set: Enables the management station to set the value of MIB objectsat the agent.– Trap: Enables the agent to notify the management station ofsignificant events.Management information base• MIB is used to store the structured informationrepresenting network elements and theirattributes.• The structure itself is defined in a standardcalled the structure of management information(SMI)• SMI defines the data types that can be used tostore an object, how those objects are named,and how they are encoded for transmission overa network.Management agents• Are key network platforms and devices, other hosts,routers, bridges and hubs, equipped with SNMP so thatthey can be managed.• Provide management information to the NMS.
All themanagement information of a particular agent is storedin the MIB on that agent.• An agent might keep track of the following:––––Number and state of its virtual circuitsNumber of certain kinds of error messages receivedNumber of bytes and packets in and out of the deviceMaximum output queue length, for routers and other internetworkingdevices– Broadcast messages sent and received– Network interfaces going down and coming upRMON• Network management applications often offloadsome network management functionality to aremote monitor (RMON) probe.• The RMON probe gathers managementinformation locally, and then the networkmanager periodically retrieves a summary ofthis data.• RMON gather statistics by analyzing everyframe on a segment.Components of organization modelNetwork management applications• The network management applications rely onthe host operating system, and on thecommunication architecture.• Includes a GUI interface to allow the networkadministrator to monitor and manage thenetwork• Examples of network management applicationsare Ciscoworks2000, HP Openview, andSNMPv2c.Understanding the protocolUnderstanding the community stringsSNMPv2c message formatSNMPv3 message formatConfiguring SNMP• More than one read-only string is supported.• The default on most systems for this community stringis public.
It is not advisable to use the default value in anenterprise network.• To set the read-only community string used by theagent, use the following command:Router(config)#snmp-server community string ro– String – Community string that acts like a password and permits access tothe SNMP protocol– ro – (Optional) Specifies read-only access. Authorized management stationsare only able to retrieve MIB objects.Configuring SNMP• More than one read-write string is supported.• All SNMP objects are available for write access.• The default on most systems for this community stringis private. It is not advisable to use this value in anenterprise network.• To set the read-write community string used by theagent, use the following command:Router(config)#snmp-server community string rw– rw – (Optional) Specifies read-write access.
Authorized managementstations are able to both retrieve and modify MIB objectsConfiguring SNMP• There are several strings that can be used tospecify location of the managed device and themain system contact for the device.Router(config)#snmp-server location textRouter(config)#snmp-server contact textCisco syslog• The Cisco syslog logging utility is based on theUNIX syslog utility.• System events are usually logged to the systemconsole unless disabled.• The syslog utility is a mechanism forapplications, processes, and the operatingsystem of Cisco devices to report activity anderror conditions.Syslog facilityConfiguring syslog• To enable logging to all supported destinations:Router(config)#logging on• To send log messages to a syslog server host, such asCiscoWorks2000:Router(config)#logging hostname | ip address• To set logging severity level to level 6, informational:Router(config)#logging trap informational• To include timestamp with syslog message:Router(config)#service timestamps log datetimeSummary• The functions of a workstation and a server• Development of Networking Operating Systems (NOS)• An overview of the various Windows platforms and otherOSes• Reasons for network management• The layers of OSI and network management model• The role that SNMP and CMIP play in network monitoringCCNA4 – Module6.
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