CCNA1_M1_Introduction_to_Networking (1130683)
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CCNA – Semester1Module 1Introduction to NetworkingObjectives• Network physical connection• Basic computer components• Network math and IP address conceptConnecting to the InternetRequirements for Internet Connection• Connection to the Internet can be broken down into thefollowing:– Physical connection: used to transfer signals between PCs within thelocal network and to remote devices on the Internet– Logical connection: uses standards called protocols. A protocol is aformal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern howdevices on a network communicate.– The application: interprets the data and displays the information in anunderstandable formInformation flowCase Study: Boot processBIOSROMRAMOSHDDRAMSHELLRAMIOUser InterfaceNetwork Interface Cards• A network interface card (NIC) is a printed circuitboard that provides network communicationcapabilities to and from a personal computer• When you select a networkcard, consider the followingthree factors:– Type of network– Type of media– Type of system busModem••A modem, or modulatordemodulator, is a device thatprovides the computer withconnectivity to a telephone line.The modem converts (modulates)the data from a digital signal to ananalog signal that is compatiblewith a standard phone line.NIC and Modem Installation••Connectivity to the Internetrequires an adapter card,which may be a modem or NIC.Notebook computers may havea built-in interface or use aPCMCIA card.
Desktopsystems may use an internalor external NIC.High-Speed and Dialup Connectivity• By the 1990s modems were running at 9600 bps andreached the current standard of 56 kbps (56,000 bps) by1998.• High-speed services used in the corporate environment,such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modemaccess, moved to the consumer market.• These services no longer required expensive equipmentor a second phone line.
These are "always on" servicesthat provide instant access and do not require aconnection to be established for each session.TCP/IP Description and Configuration••Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)is a set of protocols or rulesdeveloped to allow cooperatingcomputers to share resourcesacross a network.To enable TCP/IP on theworkstation, it must be configuredusing the operating system tools.Testing Connectivity with Ping• Ping is a program that is useful for verifying asuccessful TCP/IP installation.• It works by sending multiple packets to aspecified destination requesting for replies.Ping Command••ping 127.0.0.1 - This ping is unique and is called an internalloopback test. It verifies the operation of the TCP/IP stack and NICtransmit/receive function.ping IP address - A ping to a host PC verifies the TCP/IP addressconfiguration for the local host and connectivity to the host.Web Browser and Plug-Ins••Web browsers acts on behalfof a user by– Contacting a web server– Requesting information– Receiving information– Displaying the results on ascreenPlug-ins is to view special, orproprietary, file types thatstandard web browsers are notable to display– Flash/Shockwave, QuickTime,Real AudioNetwork math and IP addressBinary presentation of data• Computers operate with electronic switches that areeither "on" or "off", corresponding to 1 or 0.• Computers have to translate in order to use decimalnumbering.Number Systems•Knowing what base someone refers to– Decimal uses 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.– Binary uses 2 digits: 0 and 1.•Base conventions– 101 in base 2 is spoken as one zero one.•Working with exponents– 103 = 10 X 10 X 10 = 1000– 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16•Binary numbers– Use principle of place value just as decimal numbers doASCII•The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is themost commonly used code for representing alpha-numeric data in acomputer.1000011100100110100001010100?Bits and Bytes•Bits are binary digits.
They are either 0s or 1s. In a computer, they arerepresented by On/Off switches or the presence or absence of electricalcharges, light pulses, or radio waves.Base 10 NumbersExampleBase 2 (Binary) NumbersConverting Decimal to Binary2712826642532241623822421220111001101Hexadecimal•The base 16, or hexadecimal (hex), number system is usedfrequently when working with computers, because it can be used torepresent binary numbers in a more readable form.Converting Binary to Hexadecimal•Remember that hexadecimal is sometimes abbreviated 0x so hex 5D mightbe written as "0x5D".Four-Octet Dotted-decimal Representation of 32Bit Binary Numbers• Currently, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses assigned tocomputers on the Internet are 32-bit binary numbers• The 32-bit binary addresses used on the Internet arereferred to as Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.IP Addresses and Network Masks• The IP address of a computer usually consists of anetwork, and a host part that represents a particularcomputer on a particular network.• Subnetwork mask a second 32-bit number to identifyhow many of the IP address bits are used to identify thenetwork of the computer.SubnetMask• A subnet mask will always be all 1s until the networkaddress is identified and then be all 0s from there to theright most bit of the mask.SubnetMask Example• Converting the IP address 10.34.23.134 to binarywould result in:00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110• Performing a Boolean AND of the IP address10.34.23.134 and the subnet mask 255.240.0.0produces the network address of this host:00001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 Æ 10.34.23.134 (IP address)11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 Æ 255.240.0.0 (subnetmask)00001010.00100000.00000000.00000000 Æ10.32.0.0 (subnetwork address)Address Example• IP address• Subnetmask• IP address:10.34.23.134255.0.0.000001010.00100010.00010111.10000110 = 10.34.23.134• Network address:00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000 = 10.0.0.0• Broadcast address:00001010.11111111.
11111111. 11111111=10.255.255.255View computer address• ipconfig: brief IP configuration• ipconfig /all: detail IP configuration• ipconfig /renew : renew IP address with DHCP•Practise IP and subnetmaskSummary• The physical connection that has to take place for acomputer to connect to the Internet• Network interface cards and/or modems• Web browser selection and configuration• The Base 2 number system• Binary number conversion to decimal• Representasion of IP addresses and network masks.
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