Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности. Психология - ответы на вопросы

Parental and … conflicts have been tied to the development of asthma.

It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. This is known as ….

IQ stands for … and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.

There are also … processes. It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do.

People with high emotional intelligence typically have well-developed …

Freud s experiments in … gave rise to his “dream theory”.

… is another name for short-term memory.

• sensory memory
• episodic memory
• working memory
• implicit memory

… intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

In everyday life, generating creative ideas is a sign of creative performance and …’s purpose is to measure this idea generation. Ideation involves idea generation and attribution of value to it; thus, it can be an adequate creativity criterion.

… is a brain-scanning method that scientists use to “decode” activity in the visual cortex to know what a person was looking at in terms of line orientation, position, and even what the object was.

Even this early in the … system, retinal neurons are processing some of the information, turning it into something useful for the later neurons.

… processing deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space.

• Visual
• Spatial
• Visual

Arthur Jensen believed that …:

• genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
• environment was solely responsible for intelligence
• intelligence level was determined by race
• IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a … degree in psychology.

• bachelor of science
• bachelor of art
• master’s
• PhD

The model of human …, called Atkinson-Shiffrin:

• Brain
• Hormones
• Memory

… processing, done in the posterior parietal lobe, near the top of the brain, deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space — either objects in space, or where the parts of a single object are in relation to each other.

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as …, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

The following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school.

• PhD
• PsyD
• master’s degree
• bachelor’s degree

… might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then this approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.

• an excellent approach
• self-correcting process
• the individual experiencing
• case studies

The … approach to psychology focuses on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim, can only be accessed through observable behaviour. This view is largely supported by physiologists and behaviourists.

… perspective argues that the nervous system, glands and hormones, and genetic factors influence our behaviour.

• biological
• evolutionary
• cognitive

This scientist has spent his career looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions could help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases:

• Damasio
• Dr. Tom Steitz
• Colin Martindale

Just about all psychologists believe that all of our long-term memories of things are…

• Propositions
• Connected symbols
• Complex structures

… thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

Human … is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. It is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual.

One of the first places image information goes is called visual … one that is located in the back of the brain.

The types of imagination are … (select 3 correct answers):

• Strategic
• Emotional
• Constructive
• Building
• Memorizing

The term “idiographic” comes from the Greek word “idios” meaning “own” or “private.” Psychologists interested in this aspect of … want to discover what makes each of us unique.

The following is usually stated about psychologists involved in personality assessment (Select 3 correct answers):

• ‘Depth’ psychologists are better at it than some other kinds of psychologist.
• Many of them accept that their conclusions are unreliable.
• They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field.
• They have made people realise how hard the subject is.
• They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.
• They keep changing their minds about what the best approaches

These fields of psychology are most commonly practised in everyday life. (Select 2 correct answers);

• social
• psychodynamic
• clinical
• humanistic

Name one part of the brain which is responsible for memory: …

… memory is a type of implicit memory: it stores information about how to do things.

We express … when we feel physically or psychologically threatened. This facial expression is often confused with surprise. But when we’re surprised, our eyes open wider, and our mouth isn’t pulled sideways.

… involves the raising of the upper lip, and the bridge of the nose wrinkles. We express it about things that make us sick, not those about which we’re derisive or suspicious.

Read the text below and answer the question: David’s brain was damaged after a car crash. Now David often needs help to reach objects and can’t define how far they are from him, so his wife helps him to get things he wants. Question: What brain area was damaged in the car crash?

• Parietal lobe
• Cortex
• Amygdala

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ….

• biology
• chemistry
• philosophy
• physics

… is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information.

The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with ….

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ….

• biological stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception

… refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

… created cognitive-mediational theory.

• Richard Lazarus
• Sigmund Freud
• Charles Darwin

When people are … they avert their gaze, which means they move their head down and to the side, exposing their neck.

The studies of creative people suggest the following number of components of creativity:

• 3
• 4
• 5
• 7

… processing, done in the inferior temporal lobe, near the bottom of the brain, deals with shape, depth, color, intensity, and object recognition.

The … approach focuses on understanding individuals in their unique context.

When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your … intelligence.

The nomothetic approach typically uses scientific methods such as … and observations to obtain quantitative data. Group averages are statistically analyzed to create predictions about people in general.

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving conducted a series of experiments to find out which of the three types of encoding would give the best memory of … information.

… is one way in which people can reset their biological clocks.

• light-dark exposure
• coffee consumption
• alcohol consumption
• napping

… represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. Broadly speaking, from V1, the information takes two paths — one for visual processing and the other for spatial.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

• Initially psychology was focused on the study of mind and mental processes, but over time, it began to shift more towards the study of behavior.
• At first, psychology was not considered a science in its modern definition, however, over time, all doubts about its scientific nature were eliminated.
• Psychology has always been and still continues to focus solely on cognitive functions and mental processes.

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. Question: What do you tell her?

• You remind her about Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time.
• You know you’re more likely to remember the information learnt in the morning and science proves it.
• You want to minimize risks and prepare cheat sheets so you have a better chance of passing the test.

Read the text below and answer the question: Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. Question: What is your interpretation, according to the theory?

• “I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”
• “I’m afraid. Therefore I’m trembling.”
• “I’m experiencing these emotions because of the previous trauma”.

Read the text below and answer the question: Ruby is a clever girl, but she has trouble building relationships with other people. Sometimes she hurts others’ feelings and doesn’t understand why they are getting offended. Last month her friend’s (Thomas) uncle died and Ruby
didn’t support Thomas and told him he hadn’t even loved his uncle and always talked nasty about him. They quarreled and Ruby didn’t understand why, after all she just had stated facts. Question: What is Ruby’s key obstacle to making new friends and maintaining relationships with existing ones?

• Ruby has undeveloped emotional intelligence
• Ruby’s IQ is too high for other people
• Ruby is just a very rational straight-forward person

Read the text and answer the question below: Tina loves listening to music, because music inspires her to create new stories through images that she sees in her head at that time. Question: How would you describe the process that is happening to Tina?

• Auditory mental imagery
• Visual mental imagery
• Imaginative mental imagery

Read the text below and answer the question: You are a practicing psychologist who prefers to focus on the individual and emphasize the unique personal experience of human nature. You understand the need for general laws but it’s not something that you pursue in your practice. Question: What is the name of your approach?

• Nomothetic
• Idiographic
• Psychodynamic

Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?

• John associates knowledge with material values. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold.
• John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.
• In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person’s skull is known as ….

• phrenology
• psychology
• physiology
• personality psychology

“V1” is …

• Visual area one
• Visual perception
• Visual processing

An undergraduate … in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.

• approach
• education
• phenomena
• process

" … affect" refers to one s propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life s challenges in a positive way.

Match linking words and phrases with their use cases:
A. Because
B. Also
C. Nevertheless
D. As a consequence
E. Reason
F. Addition
G. Contrast
H. Result

According to your reading, nearly … of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.

• one half
• one third
• one fourth
• one fifth

Behaviorists studied objectively observable … partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.

• behavior
• words
• personality
• understanding

Choose three right antithetical traits often present in creative people (Select 3 correct answers):

• Wisdom and childishness
• Bisexuality
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance

… was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873

… was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics.

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was …. He was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis.

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
A. steps of the scientific method
B. empirical method
C. mental processes
D. to analyze the results
E. conscious experience
F. internal perception
G. to make a prediction
H. to make an observation
I. ступени научного метода
J. эмпирический метод
K. ментальные процессы
L. анализировать результаты
M. сознательный опыт
N. внутреннее восприятие
O. прогнозировать
P. делать наблюдение

How can you organise information in the lecture? Match the beginnings and endings.
A. question and
B. problem and
C. classification and
D. advantages and
E. comparison and
F. cause and
G. sequence of
H. stages of a
I. theories or opinions then
J. supporting information
K. process
L. effect
M. events
N. solution
O. answer
P. definition
Q. disadvantages
R. contrast

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and … in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

• structuralism
• functionalism
• gestalt
• unconditional positive regard

One would need at least a(n) … degree to serve as a school psychologist.

• associate’s
• bachelor’s
• master’s
• doctoral

Put the words in the right order to make a question:

1. according to the article
2. "The New Science
3. of Happiness",
4. which of the following
5. is NOT one of
6. the top 4 things that
7. bring people the greatest happiness?

Put the following sentences in the right order:

1. The article "The New Science of Happiness" discusses.....
2. the top four things that bring people the greatest happiness.
3. The correct answer, holidays, is not included in the list. This....
4. suggests that while faith, children, and spouse/partner are considered important factors for happiness,
5. holidays are not seen as one of the top contributors.

Read the question below and select one correct answer based on the information provided in the course: Question: Why do you think many people might be sceptical about psychology being a science?

• Science cannot directly study the mind because it is not a form of matter or energy.
• These people simply don’t know all the facts about modern technology.
• Psychology is not and cannot be a science so these people are completely right.

The … approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental processes, and of the effect of social interaction on behaviour.

Psychologists focus their attention on understanding …, as well as the psychological (mental) and physical processes that underlie it.

• behaviour
• intuition
• mind
• experience

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
A. unconscious processes
B. human behavior
C. cognitive factors
D. inductive reasoning
E. deductive reasoning
F. fundamental difference
G. scientific approaches
H. поведение человека
I. индуктивное размышление
J. бессознательные процессы
K. когнитивные факторы
L. фундаментальное различие
M. дедуктивное размышление
N. научные подходы

The types of reasoning in the framework of hypothesis or general premise and empirical observations are called …:

• practical and theoretical
• deductive and inductive
• empirical and theoretical

In … reasoning, ideas are tested against the empirical world:

In … reasoning, empirical observations lead to new ideas:

… is most closely associated with the human approach to psychology.

• Carl Rogers
• Sigmund Freud
• Alfred Bandura
• Carl Jung

What name is given to the study of many individuals where an attempt is made to compare them with others?

• nomopathetic approach
• nomosynthetic approach
• nomothetic approach
• nonsensical approach

Match the two parts of each term:
A. bio-
B. neuro-
C. psycho-
D. para-
E. -psychology
F. -biology
G. -analysis
H. –chemistry

Match the two parts of each word:
A. dis-
B. iden-
C. reinfor-
D. inhi-
E. -odered
F. -tity
G. -cement
H. –bition

Match the beginnings and the endings of each phrase:
A. advantages and
B. problem and
C. classification and
D. question and
E. disadvantages
F. solution
G. definition
H. answer

Match the two parts of the phrases:
A. developmental
B. classical
C. drug
D. psychology
E. dependency
F. conditioning

Read the text below and answer the question:

• They live from a place of having more internalized joy and looking for the joy
• They have a genetic predisposition that is impossible to influence later in life
• They avoid drama and practice ignorance to become distracted from everyday life

Amygdala is …

• involved with the process of memory
• to learn how retain information
• to regulate emotions

The cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology during …

• the 1970s
• the 1930s
• the 1960s

Who first demonstrated semantic encoding?

• Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
• Richard Atkinson
• William Bousfield

Match the sins of memory and examples:
A. Transience
B. Absentmindedness
C. Blocking
D. Suggestibility
E. Bias
F. Persistence
G. Forget events that occurred long ago
H. Forget where your phone is
I. Tip of the tongue
J. Result from leading questions
K. Align memories to current beliefs
L. Traumatic events

… is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

There are three types of encoding. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as … encoding.

Storage is the creation of a … record of information:

• Short-term
• Perpetual
• Permanent

Choose three types of encoding (not its processes) – Select 3 correct answers:

• Visual
• Effortful processing
• Automatic processing
• Acoustic
• Semantic
• Self-Reference Effect

Put the words in the right order to make sentence:

1. Encoding
2. Involves
3. The input
4. Of
5. Information
6. Into
7. The memory system

In which order the topics are brought up in the lecture?

1. Memory
2. Encoding
3. Sensory memory
4. Other types of memory
5. Parts of the brain that are involved into process of memorizing
6. Sins of memory

In which order are mentioned scientists in the lecture?

1. William Bousfield
2. Fergus Clark and Endel Tulving
3. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
4. Karl Lashley

Short-term memory takes information from … memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory.