Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции - ответы на вопросы на СтудИзбе

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system. Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?

• Barristers primarily handle administrative tasks and client consultations, focusing on preparing legal documents and managing cases.
• Barristers are responsible for overseeing court proceedings and making legal rulings on cases.
• Barristers represent clients in court, providing expert legal advice and advocacy during trials.

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Sarah is a small business owner who recently faced a dispute with a supplier over a delayed shipment that affected her ability to serve her customers. Unsure of her rights and the best course of action, she considers seeking legal advice. Question: What are two primary motives for making and enforcing laws that Sarah should understand as she navigates her situation?

• To ensure that only large corporations benefit from legal protections and to punish individuals who break the law, regardless of circumstances.
• To maintain social order and protect individual rights, ensuring that everyone has access to fair treatment and resolution of disputes.
• To create complex regulations that confuse ordinary people and limit their ability to operate businesses freely.

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a professional photographer who rents a studio space in a busy downtown area. One day, while she is setting up for a photoshoot, a heavy sign from an adjacent building falls and injures her. The sign was not properly secured, and Emily learns that the building owner had received complaints about it being loose but had not taken any action to fix it. Emily decides to file a lawsuit against the building owner for her injuries. Question: What legal principle is at play in Emily s case when she decides to sue the building owner for her injuries?

• Contractual Liability – Emily is suing because the building owner failed to fulfill a contract with her.
• Tortious Liability – Emily is suing because the building owner s negligence led to her injury.
• Criminal Liability – Emily is suing because the building owner committed a crime by allowing the sign to fall.

The document used by a claimant to start legal action against the defendant is called a …

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: John is preparing for his final exam in his law course. He comes across a scenario where a country is involved in a dispute with another nation regarding trade regulations. He needs to determine which area of law primarily governs this situation. Question: Which area of law is most relevant to the dispute between the two nations regarding trade regulations?

• National Law
• International Law
• Civil Law

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all? Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn t just let it go and not do anything about it. Carly: Right, but isn t going to court going to be expensive? Max: It s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses. Carly: That s true. But don t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case? Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have ev erything organized and ready to present. Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court? Max: Honestly, I m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense. Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost? Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we ll win this case. Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work? Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not. Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings? Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter. Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury? Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant. Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case. Max: Thank you, I m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done. Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?

• The plaintiff
• The defendant
• The judge

The correct order of events in a typical criminal trial is …

• Closing arguments, opening statements, witness testimony, verdict
• Opening statements, witness testimony, closing arguments, verdict
• Witness testimony, opening statements, closing arguments, verdict
• Verdict, opening statements, witness testimony, closing arguments

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Lila: Have you read the new law passed by Congress last week? It s about regulating environmental pollution.Mark: No, I haven t. How is it different from the current regulations? Lila: Well, it gives more power to federal agencies in enforcing and monitoring compliance with environmental laws. And it also imposes stricter penalties for violations.Mark: That sounds like a good step towards protecting our environment. But what about local laws? Do they have any impact on this issue?Lila: Yes, definitely. Each state has its own set of environmental laws that are tailored to their specific needs and challenges.Mark: Right, I remember learning about that in my Environmental Law class. So even if there are national laws in place, local governments can create additional regulations?Lila: Exactly. They can provide more detailed rules that cater to the particular needs of the community. And these local laws must comply with both state and federal laws.Mark: Interesting. These different levels of laws can get quite complex.Lila: Definitely. And it reflects the unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state. That s why we have diverse legal systems around the world.Mark: Yeah, I never realized how vast and intricate the field of law is.Lila: It sure is. And keeping up with all the changes and developments is no easy task.Mark: You re right about that. Thanks for explaining everything to me, Lila. I really appreciate it.Lila: Anytime, Mark. That s what friends are for!Question: According to Lila, why do we have diverse legal systems around the world?

• Because all countries follow the same legal framework and try to keep their laws the same
• Due to unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state
• Because international law overrides all local laws and authorities have to follow them

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved. Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court?

• Claim Form
• Indictment
• Summons

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead? Mark s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence. Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then. Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse. Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on. Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence? Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant s. Mark s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime. Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

• Theft, assault, murder and arson
• Robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon
• Fraud and embezzlement, corruption

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work. Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?

• The case head ensures that serious criminal cases are overseen by a judge with experience in handling complex legal issues.
• The case head in the Crown Court allows for quicker resolution of civil disputes compared to civil courts.
• The case head provides a platform for informal mediation between parties before trial.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It s crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.John: Yeah, it s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?John: It s definitely hard to wrap myhead around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country s legal system.Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.John: That s true. I ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It s pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

• The French Revolution
• World War II
• The Industrial Revolution

The primary source of law in a civil law system is...

• Case precedents
• Statutory codes
• Judge’s opinions
• Customary practices

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
John: So, Sarah… When did you decide to become a lawyer?
Sarah: I’ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.
John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?
Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.
John: That’s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.
Sarah: It definitely wasn’t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now.
John: Yeah, that’s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.
Sarah: It’s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.
John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?
Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.
John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.
Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?
John: Just a year, but I already feel like I’m learning so much from everyone here.
Sarah: That’s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.
John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover.
Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.
John: Of course. Good luck with your case!
Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!
Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

• One year
• Three years
• Five years

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Kelly: Wow, that s a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it? Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it s one of proximity or not.Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it s important to constantly stay informed and educated.Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

• Self-defense and provocation
• Alibi and mistaken identity
• Psychiatric injury and economic loss

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James. Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah s case when she decides to sue James for her injury?

• Trespass to Land – Sarah is suing because James has unlawfully occupied public space with his seating area.
• Negligence (Duty of Care) – Sarah is suing because James failed to ensure the sidewalk was safe for pedestrians.
• Nuisance (Unreasonable Interference) – Sarah is suing because James s seating area unreasonably interferes with her ability to use the sidewalk.

In England, most civil claims are filed with the … court.

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a level of national law?

• State
• Regional
• International
• Local

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Maria is a law student studying different legal systems around the world. In her recent class, the professor asked the students to identify the two main traditions of law. Maria is confused and wants to ensure she understands the differences between Common Law and Continental Law. Question: Which of the following statements correctly identifies the two main traditions of law in the world?

• Common Law and Religious Law
• Common Law and Continental Law
• Continental Law and Customary Law

… liability allows for suing the employer of a person who commits a tort during normal employment.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.Mike: Sounds boring.Karen: Well, maybe it s not the most thrilling subject, but it s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.Mike: Do you think you ll specialize in this area after law school?Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I m still keeping my options open.Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you re going to make a great lawyer. Now let s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let s go!Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

• She s definitely going to specialize in it
• She s considering it, but also interested in other areas
• She hasn t given it any thought yet

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead?
Mark’s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.
Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then.
Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse.
Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on.
Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence?
Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant’s.
Mark’s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it’s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime.
Judge Smith: I see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I’m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned.
Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

• Theft, assault, murder and arson
• Robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon
• Fraud and embezzlement, corruption

… law deals with disputes between individuals or organizations in civil matters.

A successful tort claim may result in the award of … to compensate the victim for their losses.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Lila: Have you read the new law passed by Congress last week? It s about regulating environmental pollution.Mark: No, I haven t. How is it different from the current regulations? Lila: Well, it gives more power to federal agencies in enforcing and monitoring compliance with environmental laws. And it also imposes stricter penalties for violations.Mark: That sounds like a good step towards protecting our environment. But what about local laws? Do they have any impact on this issue?Lila: Yes, definitely. Each state has its own set of environmental laws that are tailored to their specific needs and challenges.Mark: Right, I remember learning about that in my Environmental Law class. So even if there are national laws in place, local governments can create additional regulations?Lila: Exactly. They can provide more detailed rules that cater to the particular needs of the community. And these local laws must comply with both state and federal laws.Mark: Interesting. These different levels of laws can get quite complex.Lila: Definitely. And it reflects the unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state. That s why we have diverse legal systems around the world.Mark: Yeah, I never realized how vast and intricate the field of law is.Lila: It sure is. And keeping up with all the changes and developments is no easy task.Mark: You re right about that. Thanks for explaining everything to me, Lila. I really appreciate it.Lila: Anytime, Mark. That s what friends are for!Question: According to Lila, why do we have diverse legal systems around the world?

• Because all countries follow the same legal framework and try to keep their laws the same
• Due to unique history, culture, values, and political institutions of each sovereign state
• Because international law overrides all local laws and authorities have to follow them

A … is a legal document that grants someone the authority to act on behalf of another person.

National law includes laws at the national, state, regional, and … levels.

… is a pivotal document from 1215 that limited the monarch s power and set the stage for individual rights and freedoms.

The … took several weeks, but everyone was eager to hear the verdict.

Vicarious liability allows...

• Employees to sue their employers
• Employers to sue their employees
• Suing the employer for torts committed by their employees
• Suing the government for private sector torts

"Magna Carta" literally means …

• Great Document
• Great Charter
• Royal Agreement
• Historic Law

The primary source of most legal principles is ...

• Religious doctrines
• Established traditions
• Constitutional amendments
• Judicial rulings

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.Josh: Tell me about it. And then there s comparative law on top of that.Samantha: Comparative law? What s that again?Josh: It s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don t forget about international law.Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues. Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.Josh: No kidding. But it s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.Josh: Exactly. There s so much to learn and explore in the field of law.Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

• Memorizing rules individually
• Using online legal databases
• Participating in a study group

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.John: So, Sarah... When did you decide to become a lawyer? Sarah: I ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.John: That s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.Sarah: It definitely wasn t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now. John: Yeah, that s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.Sarah: It s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging.Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?John: Just a year, but I already feel like I m learning so much from everyone here. Sarah: That s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover. Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.John: Of course. Good luck with your case!Sarah: Thanks. Have a good evening, John!Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

• One year
• Three years
• Five years

The highest court in the United States is the … Court.

A primary function of solicitors is ...

• Exclusively arguing cases in higher courts
• Briefing barristers and collecting legal documents
• Serving as judges in lower courts
• Providing legal education to the public

Laws are deemed crucial for society because ...

• They provide leisure activities and are easy to understand
• They promote individualism
• They help people evade accountability
• They are essential for maintaining order and regulating conduct.

… is a legal framework originating in England that relies on judicial precedents rather than written statutes.

… is an individual or entity tasked with formulating, modifying, and implementing laws on behalf of the government.

In a tort case, the usual remedies available to the claimant are...

• Imprisonment and fines
• Damages and injunction
• Community service and probation
• Deportation and asset seizure

… is the principle that ensures fair and equal treatment under the law, regardless of wealth or status.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. Its crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.John: Yeah, it s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces - gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?John: It s definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country s legal system.Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.John: That s true. I ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization. Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It s pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society. John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

• The French Revolution
• World War II|
• The Industrial Revolution

Which of the following is NOT typically a matter dealt with in civil courts?

• Breach of contract
• Trespass to property
• Murder charges
• Disputes over land

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Mike: Hey, Karen! What are you studying now?
Karen: Law. The law of tort to be specific.
Mike: Sounds boring.
Karen: Well, maybe it’s not the most thrilling subject, but it’s important in understanding legal responsibility for harm caused by one person to another.
Mike: Like, if someone slips and falls on your property and gets injured?
Karen: Yes, that would fall under negligence, a type of tort. It involves proving that someone failed to take reasonable care and caused harm as a result.
Mike: So if I spill coffee all over my neighbor’s expensive couch, could they sue me for damages?
Karen: Absolutely. That would be an intentional tort, where someone deliberately causes harm or damage to another person or their property.
Mike: Wow. You really know your stuff.
Karen: Thanks. I find it interesting how complex and varied the laws of tort can be.
Mike: Do you think you’ll specialize in this area after law school?
Karen: Maybe. But there are also other areas of law that interest me too, so I’m still keeping my options open.
Mike: Well, whatever you decide, I have no doubt you’re going to make a great lawyer. Now let’s go grab some lunch before my stomach commits an intentional tort against me.
Karen: Haha, sounds good. Let’s go!
Question: How does Karen feel about specializing in tort law after law school?

• She’s definitely going to specialize in it
• She’s considering it, but also interested in other areas
• She hasn’t given it any thought yet

… is a comprehensive system of laws governing private rights and duties, primarily influenced by Roman law and codified regulations.

In the criminal courts, cases are brought against a person who has broken the … .

If the … is found guilty, the court can order punishment.

The primary source of most legal principles is …

• Religious doctrines
• Established traditions
• Constitutional amendments
• Judicial rulings

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It s crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.John: Yeah, it s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?John: It s definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country s legal system.Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.John: That s true. I ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It s pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?

• The French Revolution
• World War II
• The Industrial Revolution

In tort law, the person responsible for proving the elements of the case is called …

• The defendant
• The claimant
• The state prosecutor
• The judge

Who played a significant role in shaping legal codes across different nations?

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved. Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court?

• Claim Form
• Indictment
• Summons

In England, the legal profession is divided into two main types. These are:

• Lawyers and judges
• Solicitors and barristers
• Advocates and attorneys
• Prosecutors and defenders

The term for the sum of money paid to the court to issue proceedings is...

• Legal fee
• Court fee
• Claim charge
• Issuance cost

The party that bears the burden of proof in a criminal case is …

• The injured party
• The defendant
• The state
• The civil court

Most civil claims in England are filed in the …

• High Court
• Crown Court
• Magistrates’ Court
• County Court

An example of a statutory tort is...

• A tort based solely on common law
• A tort defined by judicial precedent
• A tort outlined in the constitution
• A tort regulated by a specific act of legislation

… covers attacks against someone’s reputation through the written or spoken word.

Barristers are known to be specialists in ...

• Contract law
• Family law
• Corporate law
• Advocacy in court

The … listened carefully to both sides before making a decision.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.Josh: Tell me about it. And then there s comparative law on top of that.Samantha: Comparative law? What s that again?Josh: It s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don t forget about international law.Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues. Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.Josh: No kidding. But it s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.Josh: Exactly. There s so much to learn and explore in the field of law.Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

• Memorizing rules individually
• Using online legal databases
• Participating in a study group

The … presented strong arguments to support her client’s case today.

In tort law, the person who commits the wrongful act is called the … .

… is a customary practice that evolves into societal norms over time.

… refers to the legal obligation for one’s actions or inactions, which may lead to penalties, damages, or the requirement to compensate for harm caused.

The … found at the scene helped the police solve the mystery quickly.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Samantha: Hey Josh, what are you studying for your law exam?Josh: Oh, just the usual. Legal ethics and administrative law.Samantha: Ugh, I hate that stuff. So many rules to remember.Josh: Tell me about it. And then there s comparative law on top of that.Samantha: Comparative law? What s that again?Josh: It s a comparison between different legal systems around the world. Like Chinese law, Islamic law, Jewish law, just to name a few.Samantha: Wow, that sounds complicated. How do you keep all of that straight?Josh: Well, thank goodness for my study group. We discuss and quiz each other on different types of laws and their applications.Samantha: Oh yeah, I remember now. And don t forget about international law.Josh: Right. That includes laws related to the United Nations, like treaties and human rights issues. Samantha: Man, being a lawyer is not easy.Josh: No kidding. But it s also fascinating to see how different societies have developed their own sets of laws.Samantha: True. And the way those laws intersect with politics, social justice, and even war.Josh: Exactly. There s so much to learn and explore in the field of law.Question: According to the conversation, what helps Josh keep track of the different types of laws?

• Memorizing rules individually
• Using online legal databases
• Participating in a study group

The primary purpose of tort law is ...

• To punish wrongdoers for their criminal acts
• To deter criminal behavior from happening in the future
• To compensate people who suffer harm
• To enforce contractual obligations

Statutory torts are those that come from … , where the breach of duty is defined in legal code.

According to legal theorist Salmond, law is defined as...

• A collection of ethical standards
• A framework of rules recognized and enforced by the state
• Traditions that change over time and space
• Norms established by community consensus

… law states citizens’ rights and duties and regulates relationships between different branches of the state.

Defamation is primarily concerned with …

• Physical injury to a person
• Damage to property
• Attacks against someone’s reputation
• Financial losses in business

In the context of product liability, the entity or person who can be held responsible for damage caused by faulty goods is …

• The buyer
• The shipping company
• The seller or manufacturer
• The government

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Carly: So you filed a claim against them after all?
Max: Yes, I had to. It was the only way to get what they owed me. And I couldn’t just let it go and not do anything about it.
Carly: Right, but isn’t going to court going to be expensive?
Max: It’s worth it for what they did to me. Plus, there are legal aid services available if I need help with expenses.
Carly: That’s true. But don’t you have to prove your claims in order to win the case?
Max: Of course. They have to have merit and be based on solid evidence or proof. Luckily, I have everything organized and ready to present.
Carly: Good for you. Do you think their defense will hold up in court?
Max: Honestly, I’m not too worried about that. Their argument is pretty weak and easily disproven. My lawyer has already pointed out some holes in their defense.
Carly: You hired a lawyer? How much does that cost?
Max: Not nearly as much as I thought it would be. There are different options depending on your financial circumstances. Plus, my lawyer is confident we’ll win this case.
Carly: Wow, okay. So how does the jury pick process work?
Max: Well, the judge oversees it and makes sure both sides agree on the jurors selected. The people chosen must listen to all the facts presented before deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Carly: Interesting. What happens after the court proceedings?
Max: Once the trial concludes, the judge gives instructions to the jury and they deliberate the case. Then, when the verdict is announced by the foreperson, the official record of the trial is recorded by the court reporter.
Carly: Got it. So who else is involved besides the judge, lawyers, and jury?
Max: Well, there can also be interpreters for non-English speaking witnesses or defendants. And of course, the parties directly involved in the case - the plaintiff and defendant.
Carly: Hmm, okay. It seems like a complicated process, but hopefully justice will prevail in your case.
Max: Thank you, I’m really hoping so. I just hope the judge and jury see the truth and the wrong that has been done.
Question: Who oversees the jury selection process?

• The plaintiff
• The defendant
• The judge

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.John: So, Sarah... When did you decide to become a lawyer? Sarah: I ve always been interested in the legal profession since I was young. My parents were lawyers too.John: Wow, really? Did they work together or something?Sarah: No, but they both inspired me to choose this career path.John: That s cool. I can barely remember when I decided what I wanted to do with my life.Sarah: It definitely wasn t an overnight decision for me either. It took years of hard work and studying to get where I am now. John: Yeah, that s why I never pursued law. Too much reading and memorization.Sarah: It s not just about memorizing laws and statutes. You have to be able to think critically and analyze information from different perspectives.John: True, true. And how long have you been a practicing attorney?Sarah: For about five years now. I started as a paralegal before taking the bar exam.John: That must have been tough. The bar exam is known to be quite challenging. Sarah: Oh, it definitely was. But it was worth it in the end. What about you? How long have you been working at your law firm?John: Just a year, but I already feel like | m learning so much from everyone here. Sarah: That s great to hear. Law is an ever-changing field, so we never stop learning.John: Yeah, I love that aspect of it. Always something new to discover. Sarah: Absolutely. And speaking of learning, I have a case tomorrow morning that I need to prepare for. I should probably head out soon.John: Of course. Good luck with your case!Sarah: Thanks.
Have a good evening, John!Question: How long has Sarah been a practicing attorney?

• One year
• Three years
• Five years

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Kelly: Wow, that s a lot of information on tort law.
Did you understand all of it? Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence. Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?Mark:
Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it s one of proximity or not. Kelly:
And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test. Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.Mark:
Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, its important to constantly stay informed and educated.Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

• Self-defense and provocation
• Alibi and mistaken identity
• Psychiatric injury and economic loss

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James. Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah s case when she decides to sue James for her injury?

• Trespass to Land – Sarah is suing because James has unlawfully occupied public space with his seating area.
• Negligence (Duty of Care) – Sarah is suing because James failed to ensure the sidewalk was safe for pedestrians.
• Nuisance (Unreasonable Interference) – Sarah is suing because James s seating area unreasonably interferes with her ability to use the sidewalk.

Вопрос:
The process of starting a claim in civil court is commonly called ...

• Issuing a warrant
• Filing a claim
• Serving a summons
• Registering a dispute

In criminal cases, if the police have enough evidence, they can make a formal … against a suspect.

The following is NOT a form of defamation …

• Libel
• Slander
• Negligence
• Written statements

In civil cases, the court can award … to compensate the person who has suffered:

• Damages
• Fines
• Restitution
• Penalties

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is ...

• Only barristers can argue cases in court
• Solicitors have more extensive legal training
• They have different legal training and qualifications
• Barristers can only work on criminal cases

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There’s only one correct answer.
Kelly: Wow, that’s a lot of information on tort law. Did you understand all of it?
Mark: Honestly, most of it went over my head. I’m still trying to wrap my head around the concept of negligence.
Kelly: I remember studying this in college. Negligence is when someone breaches their duty of care and causes harm to another person, right?
Mark: Yeah, that sounds about right. But there are also certain defenses available in cases of negligence. Like for psychiatric injury or economic loss.
Kelly: Wait, so can anyone sue for those things under the premise of negligence?
Mark: Not necessarily. The courts use a three-step test to determine if there is a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim.
Kelly: Ah, I see. So basically, the first step is proving that the harm was reasonably foreseeable?
Mark: Exactly. And then the second step looks at the relationship between the two parties - whether it’s one of proximity or not.
Kelly: And finally, the third step considers if it would be fair and just to hold the defendant liable for their actions.
Mark: Right. It seems like the case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman was a turning point in establishing this threefold test.
Kelly: Yeah, it definitely set a precedent. But I can imagine it must have been challenging determining liability in a complex situation like that.
Mark: Definitely. And with the ever-changing laws and legal systems, it’s important to constantly stay informed and educated.
Question: What are some defenses available in cases of negligence?

• Self-defense and provocation
• Alibi and mistaken identity
• Psychiatric injury and economic loss

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: Emily is a law student in England who is interested in pursuing a career in the legal profession. She is trying to understand the differences between barristers, solicitors, and judges. Recently, she attended a seminar where different legal professionals spoke about their roles. After the seminar, Emily has a few questions regarding who does what in the legal system. Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of a barrister in England?

• Barristers primarily handle administrative tasks and client consultations, focusing on preparing legal documents and managing cases.
• Barristers are responsible for overseeing court proceedings and making legal rulings on cases.
• Barristers represent clients in court, providing expert legal advice and advocacy during trials.

Put the following events in chronological order:

• 1 The Roman Empire established its legal system across Europe.
• 2 The Justinian Code was compiled in the 6th century.
• 3 The feudal system influenced legal structures in medieval Europe.
• 4 The establishment of the first universities began to shape legal education.

Civil law concerns disputes between:

• Citizens and the government
• Different countries
• Citizens or companies within a country
• Criminal offenders and law enforcement

The tort of libel refers to …

• Spoken defamatory statements
• Published defamatory statements in permanent form
• Temporary defamatory statements
• Non-verbal defamatory actions

A … is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person.

There are … and criminal courts within the English legal system.

Read the text below and answer the question. There's only one correct answer. One sunny afternoon, Bob decides to host a barbecue in his backyard. He invites friends over and sets up a large grill. As the party progresses, Bob becomes distracted while socializing with his guests. In his excitement, he accidentally spills hot charcoal from the grill onto Alice's lawn, causing a small fire that damages her flowerbed and lawn. Alice, upon discovering the damage, confronts Bob about the incident. Bob apologizes but claims it was an accident and that he did not intend to harm Alice's property. However, Alice is upset about the damage and the cost of replacing her flowers. Question: What caused the damage to Alice's property?

The branch of law that regulates relationships between different government branches is ...

• Criminal law
• Civil law
• Constitutional law
• International law

The first in a criminal case typically is a(n)...

• Sentencing
• Arrest
• Trial
• Appeal

Most civil cases are usually considered in...

• Supreme Court
• Crown Court
• County Courts
• High Court

The … decided to postpone the hearing until next week for more preparation.

The … or prosecution presents their case to the court first. Once they finish presenting their case, the defendant will present.

Read the text below and answer the question. There s only one correct answer. Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work. Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court?

• The case head ensures that serious criminal cases are overseen by a judge with experience in handling complex legal issues.
• The case head in the Crown Court allows for quicker resolution of civil disputes compared to civil courts.
• The case head provides a platform for informal mediation between parties before trial.

The key difference between solicitors and barristers in England is …

• Only barristers can argue cases in court
• Solicitors have more extensive legal training
• They have different legal training and qualifications
• Barristers can only work on criminal cases

A driver runs a red light and causes an accident. This is an example of …

• Intentional tort
• Negligence
• Strict liability
• Vicarious liability

An … tort occurs when a person deliberately causes harm to another individual.

Read the dialogue and answer the question. There s only one correct answer.Judge Smith: The defendant, Mark Jones, is accused of robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon. How does he plead? Mark s Lawyer: Not guilty, your honor. My client had no part in the crime that occurred on the night of May 17th. We have evidence to prove his innocence.
Prosecution Lawyer: Your honor, we have witnesses who saw Mr. Jones at the scene of the crime and DNA evidence linking him to the weapon used.Judge Smith: Interesting. Let us hear from the witnesses then. Witness 1: Yes, I saw the defendant wearing a black hoodie and holding a knife as he threatened the victim for her purse. Witness 2: And I remember seeing him run away from the scene with another person. They both had masks on. Judge Smith: Thank you for your testimonies. Are there any other pieces of evidence? Prosecution Lawyer: As mentioned earlier, DNA evidence has been found on the weapon that matches the defendant s. Mark s Lawyer: Your honor, our client works as a chef and it s possible that his DNA was transferred onto the weapon innocently while working in the kitchen. He had no motive or reason to commit this crime. Judge Smith: 1 see. Bailiff, please bring in the forensic report. It appears that the DNA evidence could have been innocently transferred. Therefore, I m declaring the defendant, Mark Jones, not guilty. This court is adjourned. Question: What crimes is Mark Jones accused of?

• Theft, assault, murder and arson
• Robbery with violence and possession of a dangerous weapon
• Fraud and embezzlement, corruption