Ответы на вопросы из коллекции "Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности Синергия (Психология) Ответы на тесты 1-8, итоговый тест, компетентностный"

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: Why do people react differently in similar situations?

• Every human being is unique, but this uniqueness originates from the combination of 5 personality traits we all share.
• The reason behind this is the context of the situation – we all perceive situations differently and this is the key factor behind different behavior.
• It is our genes that predominantly determine our behaviour and our personality, i.e. the way we react to different stimuli.

In the brain, the visual cortex processes visual information and passes it from lower to higher areas of the brain which is also called ….

• “bottom-up” and “top-down”
• V1
• posterior parietal lobe

In recent years, … psychology has emerged as an area of study seeking to identify and promote qualities that lead to greater happiness and fulfillment in our lives. These components include positive affect, optimism, and flow.

Read the text below and answer the question: David’s brain was damaged after a car crash. Now David often needs help to reach objects and can’t define how far they are from him, so his wife helps him to get things he wants. Question: What brain area was damaged in the car crash?

• Parietal lobe
• Cortex
• Amygdala

… is a brain-scanning method that scientists use to “decode” activity in the visual cortex to know what a person was looking at in terms of line orientation, position, and even what the object was.

A high level of … may be useful for jobs that require a great deal of interaction with other people, like public relations, teaching, and sales.

According to Freud, our personality develops from a(n) … between two forces: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives.

Read the text below and answer the question: The mental status exam is a clinical assessment tool used to evaluate a person s cognitive and emotional functioning. It typically focuses on areas such as mood and affect, attention and concentration, appearance, and other mental processes. Question: Based on this information, which of the following areas would the mental status exam be unlikely to cover?

• Mood and affect
• Attention
• General appearance
• Memory
• Physical coordination

Choose three right antithetical traits often present in creative people (Select 3 correct answers):

• Wisdom and childishness
• Bisexuality
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance

From a nomothetic point of view, these are considered to describe the psychologically … of any personality adequately.

Personality is thought to be .... Personality is thought to be ....

• short term and easily changed
• a pattern of short-term characteristics
• unstable and short term
• long term, stable and not easily changed

These statements (“I take control of situations”, “I try to be in charge – to lead others”, “High score: energetic, assertive, cheerful, outgoing, sociable”) describe the following sub-trait:

• Friendliness
• Gregariousness
• Assertiveness
• Activity level

The DSM-5 now uses … as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation:

• autism and developmental disabilities
• lowered intelligence
• intellectual disability
• cognitive disruption

… is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.

• Prader-Willi syndrome
• morbid obesity
• anorexia nervosa
• bulimia nervosa

… is the production of unusual and good responses to problems.

In contrast, … thinking describes the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem.

Select components that are important for creativity (select 2 correct answers):

• Expertise
• Risk taking
• Flare
• Personalization

The … approach to psychology focuses on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim, can only be accessed through observable behaviour. This view is largely supported by physiologists and behaviourists.

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ….

• psychosexual stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception

… processing, done in the inferior temporal lobe, near the bottom of the brain, deals with shape, depth, color, intensity, and object recognition.

Creative individuals are remarkable for their ability to … (Select 2 correct answers):

• adapt
• be hyperactive
• have low concentration

The nomothetic approach involves establishing … or generalizations that apply to everyone.

Read the text below and answer the question: Steve didn’t learn the material during the school year. Now he is sure that on the last night he will be able to learn everything. Question: What do you think?

• Steve will learn everything successfully on the eve of the examination.
• Steve will learn only half of the material.
• Steve will be able to remember only some key points

Read the text below and answer the question: John has problems at school: he can’t analyze books, lectures or films, however, he absorbs all the information and has a magnificent memory. But when he should conduct experiments or make a conclusion about “pitfalls” of different works or motives of other people he gets puzzled. Question: What should John work on developing?

• John needs to work on developing his analytical intelligence.
• John needs to work on getting to know other people more.
• John needs to work on developing his emotional intelligence.

The … approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental processes, and of the effect of social interaction on behaviour.

​​​​… refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up and top-down processing.

Read the text below and answer the question: Jurors place a lot of weight on eyewitness testimony. Imagine you are an attorney representing a defendant who is accused of robbing a convenience store. Several eyewitnesses have been called to testify against your client. Question: What would you tell the jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

• Misinformation effect paradigm holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event, hence, the eyewitness testimonies might not be entirely accurate.
• The eyewitness testimonies will probably be inaccurate as strong emotions lead to the creation of weaker memories and therefore, these people will be prone to forgetting what actually happened at the store.
• Eyewitnesses frequently suffer from anterograde amnesia: they cannot remember new information and events that happened prior to their injuries or traumatic experiences that occurred in their life.

Read the text below and answer the question: Sarah wants to be a psychologist. Her parents are against Sarah s decision. They want Sarah to study medicine. Sarah is upset and doesn t know what to do. Question: What should Sarah do?

• Sarah should follow her parents advice.
• Sarah should insist on her decision.
• Sarah should talk to her parents and argue her choice to them.

Read the text below and answer the question: Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. Question: What is your interpretation, according to the theory?

• “I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”
• “I’m afraid. Therefore I’m trembling.”
• “I’m experiencing these emotions because of the previous trauma”.

Choose three wrong antithetical traits often present in creative people:

• Wisdom and childishness
• Bisexuality
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance

… is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

• stereotypical bias
• egocentric bias
• hindsight bias
• enhancement bias

One of the first places image information goes is called visual … one that is located in the back of the brain.

When you are examining data to look for trends, the type of intelligence you are using most is:

• practical
• analytical
• emotional
• creative

Ochse’s theory was developed in …

• 1990
• 1890
• 1991

Imagination is (typically) a … act.

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving conducted a series of experiments to find out which of the three types of encoding would give the best memory of … information.

… called them the id, ego, and superego.

• Maslow
• Freud
• Eysenck

" … affect" refers to one’s propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life’s challenges in a positive way.

Explicit (declarative) memory has two parts: semantic memory and … memory.

Neurons absorb … (select 2 correct answers):

• Sugar
• Oxygen
• Tissue
• Calcium

Just about all psychologists believe that all of our long-term memories of things are…

• Propositions
• Connected symbols
• Complex structures

The concept of mental imagery was developed …

• in the 19th century
• at the end of the 19th century
• in the 18th century

The nomothetic approach typically uses scientific methods such as … and observations to obtain quantitative data. Group averages are statistically analyzed to create predictions about people in general.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

• Initially psychology was focused on the study of mind and mental processes, but over time, it began to shift more towards the study of behavior.
• At first, psychology was not considered a science in its modern definition, however, over time, all doubts about its scientific nature were eliminated.
• Psychology has always been and still continues to focus solely on cognitive functions and mental processes.

Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of … in dealing with stress.

• biofeedback
• social support
• perceived control
• emotion-focused coping

When we image something visually, it shows up on the …

In … reasoning, empirical observations lead to new ideas:

The following is NOT one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences:

• creative
• spatial
• linguistic
• musical

The body’s biological clock is located in the ….

• hippocampus
• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was …. He was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis.

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. Question: What do you tell her?

• You remind her about Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time.
• You know you’re more likely to remember the information learnt in the morning and science proves it.
• You want to minimize risks and prepare cheat sheets so you have a better chance of passing the test.

Read the text below and answer the question: You are a practicing psychologist who prefers to focus on the individual and emphasize the unique personal experience of human nature. You understand the need for general laws but it’s not something that you pursue in your practice. Question: What is the name of your approach?

• Nomothetic
• Idiographic
• Psychodynamic

… might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then this approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.

• an excellent approach
• self-correcting process
• the individual experiencing
• case studies

There are also … processes. It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do.

… refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ….

• being able to recall information
• being able to create new products
• being able to understand and communicate with different cultures
• being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ….

• a group of same-age peers
• a representative sample
• children with mental disabilities
• children of average intelligence

The inventors of The NEO Personality Inventory are …

• Costa and McCrae
• Mednick and team
• Wallach and Kogan

… describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.

… encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways.

This scientist has spent his career looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions could help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases:

• Damasio
• Dr. Tom Steitz
• Colin Martindale

Match the parts of the sentences:
A. Eating disorders
B. Young women are
C. Research has been carried out to
D. Recent advances in information technology have raised
E. include binge eating.
F. most commonly affected.
G. trace changes in eating patterns.
H. new issues in the field of psychology.

An undergraduate … in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.

• approach
• education
• phenomena
• process

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and … in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

• structuralism
• functionalism
• gestalt
• unconditional positive regard

This type of processing deals with shape, depth, colour and object recognition:

• Visual processing
• Spatial processing
• Visual perception

Physiological needs are …

• security, safety
• prestige, feeling of accomplishment
• food, water, warmth, rest
• intimate relationships, friends

Safety needs are …

• Physiological needs
• Basic needs
• Self-fulfillment needs

The … approach in psychology seeks general principles and patterns applicable to groups.

‘Psyche’ is a Greek word meaning ….

• essence
• soul
• behaviour
• love

“V1” is …

• Visual area one
• Visual perception
• Visual processing

… involves the raising of the upper lip, and the bridge of the nose wrinkles. We express it about things that make us sick, not those about which we’re derisive or suspicious.

… is not a dimension of job burnout:

• depersonalization
• hostility
• exhaustion
• diminished accomplishment

… was the first to systematically study and theorize the workings of the unconscious mind in the manner that we associate with modern psychology.

Arthur Jensen believed that …:

• genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
• environment was solely responsible for intelligence
• intelligence level was determined by race
• IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by …, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson.

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ….

• psychodynamic
• temperament
• humors
• personality

The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with … .

When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your … intelligence.

Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?

• John associates knowledge with material values. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold.
• John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.
• In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.

Read the text and answer the question below: Tina loves listening to music, because music inspires her to create new stories through images that she sees in her head at that time. Question: How would you describe the process that is happening to Tina?

• Auditory mental imagery
• Visual mental imagery
• Imaginative mental imagery

Read the text below and answer the question: Ruby is a clever girl, but she has trouble building relationships with other people. Sometimes she hurts others’ feelings and doesn’t understand why they are getting offended. Last month her friend’s (Thomas) uncle died and Ruby didn’t support Thomas and told him he hadn’t even loved his uncle and always talked nasty about him. They quarreled and Ruby didn’t understand why, after all she just had stated facts. Question: What is Ruby’s key obstacle to making new friends and maintaining relationships with existing ones?

• Ruby has undeveloped emotional intelligence
• Ruby’s IQ is too high for other people
• Ruby is just a very rational straight-forward person

Read the question below and select one correct answer: How do we cultivate creative thinking?

• Creative thinking cannot be cultivated – it is a skill that we are either born with or we will never be able to have it at all.
• Creative thinking can be cultivated by regularly practicing creativity in different situations and in relation to different problems.
• Creative thinking can be cultivated by hard work and constant repetition of the same routines and procedures.

… is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain. This process occurs thanks to our five sensory systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

Match the terms with their descriptions:
A. People who like to learn new things and enjoy new experiences usually score high in …. It includes personality traits like being insightful and imaginative and having a wide variety of interests.
B. People that have a high degree of … are reliable and prompt. Personality traits include being organized, methodic, and thorough.
C. … get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. This includes the personality traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive.
D. Openness
E. Conscientiousness
F. Extraversion

… was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a … degree in psychology.

• bachelor of science
• bachelor of art
• master’s
• PhD

What name is given to the study of many individuals where an attempt is made to compare them with others?

• nomopathetic approach
• nomosynthetic approach
• nomothetic approach
• nonsensical approach

Read the text below and answer the question:

• They live from a place of having more internalized joy and looking for the joy
• They have a genetic predisposition that is impossible to influence later in life
• They avoid drama and practice ignorance to become distracted from everyday life

The types of reasoning in the framework of hypothesis or general premise and empirical observations are called …:

• practical and theoretical
• deductive and inductive
• empirical and theoretical

… developed the IQ test most widely used today.

• Sir Francis Galton
• Alfred Binet
• Louis Terman
• David Wechsler

… put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence.

• Goleman
• Gardner
• Sternberg
• Steitz

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence.

1. in recent years,
2. as Internet use has spread,
3. it has become more common
4. for young people
5. to meet
6. their friends
7. online after school and at the weekend

… represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. Broadly speaking, from V1, the information takes two paths — one for visual processing and the other for spatial.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What is the essence of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?

• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be the number one. TTCT was developed for research and to provide a tool that can be used to individualize the instruction.
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be somewhere in the middle. It is frequently used to measure creativity but it is not very successful.
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be one of the last ones. It is commonly used to measure intelligence, but some researchers use it for creativity assessment.

… is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

… was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics.

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ….

• biology
• chemistry
• philosophy
• physics

… perspective argues that the nervous system, glands and hormones, and genetic factors influence our behaviour.

• biological
• evolutionary
• cognitive

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as …, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What should we do to transfer information from STM into LTM?

• Information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory, or it is discarded. Therefore, we need to create more active memories.
• Information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory, or it is discarded. Therefore, we need to continuously repeat the information.
• Information in short-term memory goes to long-term memory, or it is discarded. Therefore, we need to employ our sensory memory.