Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (Психология) - ответы на вопросы

Read the text and answer the question below: Tina loves listening to music, because music inspires her to create new stories through images that she sees in her head at that time. Question: How would you describe the process that is happening to Tina?

• Auditory mental imagery
• Visual mental imagery
• Imaginative mental imagery

Read the text below and answer the question: David’s brain was damaged after a car crash. Now David often needs help to reach objects and can’t define how far they are from him, so his wife helps him to get things he wants. Question: What brain area was damaged in the car crash?

• Parietal lobe
• Cortex
• Amygdala

Read the question below and select one correct answer: How do we cultivate creative thinking?

• Creative thinking cannot be cultivated – it is a skill that we are either born with or we will never be able to have it at all.
• Creative thinking can be cultivated by regularly practicing creativity in different situations and in relation to different problems.
• Creative thinking can be cultivated by hard work and constant repetition of the same routines and procedures.

Parental and … conflicts have been tied to the development of asthma.

IQ stands for … and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.

It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. This is known as ….

Freud s experiments in … gave rise to his “dream theory”.

In everyday life, generating creative ideas is a sign of creative performance and …’s purpose is to measure this idea generation. Ideation involves idea generation and attribution of value to it; thus, it can be an adequate creativity criterion.

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a … degree in psychology.

• bachelor of science
• bachelor of art
• master’s
• PhD

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person’s skull is known as ….

• phrenology
• psychology
• physiology
• personality psychology

Even this early in the … system, retinal neurons are processing some of the information, turning it into something useful for the later neurons.

People with high emotional intelligence typically have well-developed …

The model of human …, called Atkinson-Shiffrin:

• Brain
• Hormones
• Memory

There are also … processes. It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do.

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving conducted a series of experiments to find out which of the three types of encoding would give the best memory of … information.

… is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information.

The following is usually stated about psychologists involved in personality assessment (Select 3 correct answers):

• ‘Depth’ psychologists are better at it than some other kinds of psychologist.
• Many of them accept that their conclusions are unreliable.
• They receive criticism from psychologists not involved in the field.
• They have made people realise how hard the subject is.
• They have told people what not to do, rather than what they should do.
• They keep changing their minds about what the best approaches

When we imagine something visually, it shows up in the visual …

The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with ….

… intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

Arthur Jensen believed that …:

• genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
• environment was solely responsible for intelligence
• intelligence level was determined by race
• IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?

• John associates knowledge with material values. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold.
• John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.
• In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.

Read the text below and answer the question: You are a practicing psychologist who prefers to focus on the individual and emphasize the unique personal experience of human nature. You understand the need for general laws but it’s not something that you pursue in your practice. Question: What is the name of your approach?

• Nomothetic
• Idiographic
• Psychodynamic

… is one way in which people can reset their biological clocks.

• light-dark exposure
• coffee consumption
• alcohol consumption
• napping

… is another name for short-term memory.

• sensory memory
• episodic memory
• working memory
• implicit memory

… involves the raising of the upper lip, and the bridge of the nose wrinkles. We express it about things that make us sick, not those about which we’re derisive or suspicious.

… processing, done in the posterior parietal lobe, near the top of the brain, deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space — either objects in space, or where the parts of a single object are in relation to each other.

The studies of creative people suggest the following number of components of creativity:

• 3
• 4
• 5
• 7

We express … when we feel physically or psychologically threatened. This facial expression is often confused with surprise. But when we’re surprised, our eyes open wider, and our mouth isn’t pulled sideways.

… memory is a type of implicit memory: it stores information about how to do things.

… might prove especially helpful using individuals who have rare conditions. For instance, if one wanted to study multiple personality disorder then this approach with individuals diagnosed with multiple personality disorder would be helpful.

• an excellent approach
• self-correcting process
• the individual experiencing
• case studies

Human … is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. It is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual.

… represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. Broadly speaking, from V1, the information takes two paths — one for visual processing and the other for spatial.

The nomothetic approach typically uses scientific methods such as … and observations to obtain quantitative data. Group averages are statistically analyzed to create predictions about people in general.

When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your … intelligence.

When people are … they avert their gaze, which means they move their head down and to the side, exposing their neck.

If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as …, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.

The … approach to psychology focuses on the analysis of the internal mental mechanisms which, scientists claim, can only be accessed through observable behaviour. This view is largely supported by physiologists and behaviourists.

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ….

• biology
• chemistry
• philosophy
• physics

Creativity is often assessed as a function of one’s ability to engage in … thinking.

Creative individuals are remarkable for their ability to … (Select 2 correct answers):

• adapt
• be hyperactive
• have low concentration

… means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.

These fields of psychology are most commonly practised in everyday life. (Select 2 correct answers);

• social
• psychodynamic
• clinical
• humanistic

“V1” is …

• Visual area one
• Visual perception
• Visual processing

One of the first places image information goes is called visual … one that is located in the back of the brain.

Read the text below and answer the question: Ruby is a clever girl, but she has trouble building relationships with other people. Sometimes she hurts others’ feelings and doesn’t understand why they are getting offended. Last month her friend’s (Thomas) uncle died and Ruby
didn’t support Thomas and told him he hadn’t even loved his uncle and always talked nasty about him. They quarreled and Ruby didn’t understand why, after all she just had stated facts. Question: What is Ruby’s key obstacle to making new friends and maintaining relationships with existing ones?

• Ruby has undeveloped emotional intelligence
• Ruby’s IQ is too high for other people
• Ruby is just a very rational straight-forward person

Read the text below and answer the question: Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. Question: What is your interpretation, according to the theory?

• “I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”
• “I’m afraid. Therefore I’m trembling.”
• “I’m experiencing these emotions because of the previous trauma”.

Read the text below and answer the question: Jurors place a lot of weight on eyewitness testimony. Imagine you are an attorney representing a defendant who is accused of robbing a convenience store. Several eyewitnesses have been called to testify against your client. Question: What would you tell the jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

• Misinformation effect paradigm holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event, hence, the eyewitness testimonies might not be entirely accurate.
• The eyewitness testimonies will probably be inaccurate as strong emotions lead to the creation of weaker memories and therefore, these people will be prone to forgetting what actually happened at the store.
• Eyewitnesses frequently suffer from anterograde amnesia: they cannot remember new information and events that happened prior to their injuries or traumatic experiences that occurred in their life.

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. Question: What do you tell her?

• You remind her about Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time.
• You know you’re more likely to remember the information learnt in the morning and science proves it.
• You want to minimize risks and prepare cheat sheets so you have a better chance of passing the test.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?

• Initially psychology was focused on the study of mind and mental processes, but over time, it began to shift more towards the study of behavior.
• At first, psychology was not considered a science in its modern definition, however, over time, all doubts about its scientific nature were eliminated.
• Psychology has always been and still continues to focus solely on cognitive functions and mental processes.

… processing deals with orientation, size, and where things are in space.

• Visual
• Spatial
• Visual

An example of a ‘love and belonging’ level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is …

• food and clothing
• friendship
• esteem
• job security

… thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

The … approach focuses on understanding individuals in their unique context.

… is a brain-scanning method that scientists use to “decode” activity in the visual cortex to know what a person was looking at in terms of line orientation, position, and even what the object was.

Just about all psychologists believe that all of our long-term memories of things are…

• Propositions
• Connected symbols
• Complex structures

The concept of mental imagery was developed …

• in the 19th century
• at the end of the 19th century
• in the 18th century

“Top-down processes” stands for …

• what you expect to see
• what you don’t expect to see
• the mind sometimes guessing at what will come next

… processing, done in the inferior temporal lobe, near the bottom of the brain, deals with shape, depth, color, intensity, and object recognition.

Ochse s theory was developed in …

• 1990
• 1890
• 1991

This scientist has spent his career looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions could help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases:

• Damasio
• Dr. Tom Steitz
• Colin Martindale

… created cognitive-mediational theory.

• Richard Lazarus
• Sigmund Freud
• Charles Darwin

… refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

… perspective argues that the nervous system, glands and hormones, and genetic factors influence our behaviour.

• biological
• evolutionary
• cognitive

An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ….

• biological stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception

One would need at least a(n) … degree to serve as a school psychologist.

• associate’s
• bachelor’s
• master’s
• doctoral

The following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school.

• PhD
• PsyD
• master’s degree
• bachelor’s degree

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and … in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

• structuralism
• functionalism
• gestalt
• unconditional positive regard

Explicit (declarative) memory has two parts: semantic memory and … memory.

The major psychology approaches are the following … (Select 3 correct answers):

• Biological
• Social learning
• Psychodynamic
• Tentative
• Scientific

According to your reading, nearly … of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.

• one half
• one third
• one fourth
• one fifth

… refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up and top-down processing.

Match linking words and phrases with their use cases:
A. Because
B. Also
C. Nevertheless
D. As a consequence
E. Reason
F. Addition
G. Contrast
H. Result

" … affect" refers to one s propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life s challenges in a positive way.

The term “idiographic” comes from the Greek word “idios” meaning “own” or “private.” Psychologists interested in this aspect of … want to discover what makes each of us unique.

The types of imagination are … (select 3 correct answers):

• Strategic
• Emotional
• Constructive
• Building
• Memorizing

… describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.

There are three types of encoding. The encoding of words and their meaning is known as … encoding.

The … approach emphasizes the importance of individual experience as a means of understanding mental processes, and of the effect of social interaction on behaviour.

An undergraduate … in psychology hones critical thinking skills. These skills are useful in many different work settings.

• approach
• education
• phenomena
• process

Perhaps one of the most influential and well-known figures in psychology’s history was …. He was an Austrian neurologist who was fascinated by patients suffering from “hysteria” and neurosis.

Behaviorists studied objectively observable … partly in reaction to the psychologists of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.

• behavior
• words
• personality
• understanding

Choose three right antithetical traits often present in creative people (Select 3 correct answers):

• Wisdom and childishness
• Bisexuality
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance

Name one part of the brain which is responsible for memory: …

The psychologist who developed active imagination is …

• Carl Jung
• Edward Titchener
• Francis Galton

There also appear to be specific … involved with the process of memory, such as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine.

JIFT is a self-report for …

• 5 to 12 years old
• 10 years or older
• 1-6 graders

Choose the right emotional personality types. Select 3 correct answers:

• the intellectual
• the empath
• the rock
• gregariousness
• assertiveness

Match the terms with their descriptions:
A. People who like to learn new things and enjoy new experiences usually score high in …. It includes personality traits like being insightful and imaginative and having a wide variety of interests.
B. People that have a high degree of … are reliable and prompt. Personality traits include being organized, methodic, and thorough.
C. … get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. This includes the personality traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive.
D. Openness
E. Conscientiousness
F. Extraversion

Put these words in order to make a sentence:

1. Maslow's hierarchy
2. of needs is a motivational
3. theory in psychology
4. comprising a five-tier
5. model of human needs,
6. often depicted as hierarchical
7. levels within a pyramid

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What is the essence of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?

• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be the number one. TTCT was developed for research and to provide a tool that can be used to individualize the instruction.
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be somewhere in the middle. It is frequently used to measure creativity but it is not very successful.
• If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be one of the last ones. It is commonly used to measure intelligence, but some researchers use it for creativity assessment.

Read the text below and answer the question: John has problems at school: he can’t analyze books, lectures or films, however, he absorbs all the information and has a magnificent memory. But when he should conduct experiments or make a conclusion about “pitfalls” of different works or motives of other people he gets puzzled. Question: What should John work on developing?

• John needs to work on developing his analytical intelligence.
• John needs to work on getting to know other people more.
• John needs to work on developing his emotional intelligence.

Read the description below and answer the question: This person is extremely bright, often relying more on facts than feelings. They prefer to think in a more logical and analytical way. Question: What is this person’s emotional type?

• the intellectual
• the empath
• the rock

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: Why do people react differently in similar situations?

• Every human being is unique, but this uniqueness originates from the combination of 5 personality traits we all share.
• The reason behind this is the context of the situation – we all perceive situations differently and this is the key factor behind different behavior.
• It is our genes that predominantly determine our behaviour and our personality, i.e. the way we react to different stimuli.

Read the text below and answer the question: Sarah wants to be a psychologist. Her parents are against Sarah s decision. They want Sarah to study medicine. Sarah is upset and doesn t know what to do. Question: What should Sarah do?

• Sarah should follow her parents advice.
• Sarah should insist on her decision.
• Sarah should talk to her parents and argue her choice to them.

Read the text below and answer the question: The mental status exam is a clinical assessment tool used to evaluate a person s cognitive and emotional functioning. It typically focuses on areas such as mood and affect, attention and concentration, appearance, and other mental processes. Question: Based on this information, which of the following areas would the mental status exam be unlikely to cover?

• Mood and affect
• Attention
• General appearance
• Memory
• Physical coordination

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: Why do people react differently in similar situations?

• Every human being is unique, but this uniqueness originates from the combination of 5 personality traits we all share.
• The reason behind this is the context of the situation – we all perceive situations differently and this is the key factor behind different behavior.
• It is our genes that predominantly determine our behaviour and our personality, i.e. the way we react to different stimuli.

… is conceptualized as an enduring state of mind that consists of the capacity to experience pleasure in daily life, as well as the ability to engage one’s skills and talents to enrich one’s life and the lives of others.

Put these topics in the order they appeared in the lecture:

1. What is intelligence?
2. Cattell’s theory
3. Sternberg’s theory
4. Gardner’s theory
5. What is IQ?

Match the terms with their definition:
A. Sample
B. Theory
C. Participants
D. Opinion
E. subset of individuals selected from the larger population
F. well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
G. subjects of psychological research
H. personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurat