Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (Педагогическое образование) - ответы на вопросы

… research focuses on statistical analysis and aims to find information that can be generalised to the greater population.
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Read the text and answer the question below: Tina loves listening to music, because music inspires her to create new stories through images that she sees in her head at that time. Question: How would you describe the process that is happening to Tina?
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• Auditory mental imagery
• Visual mental imagery
• Imaginative mental imagery
  

Read the text below and answer the question: You and your roommate spent all of last night studying for your psychology test. You think you know the material; however, you suggest that you study again the next morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks you to explain why you think this is a good idea. Question: What do you tell her?
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• 1️⃣ You remind her about Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve: the information you learn drops off rapidly with time.
• 2️⃣ You know you’re more likely to remember the information learnt in the morning and science proves it.
• 3️⃣ You want to minimize risks and prepare cheat sheets so you have a better chance of passing the test

Read the text and answer the question: John is in the seventh grade at school. His parents motivate him with money and gifts. For every good mark John gets money. Question: How can you explain this situation?
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• John associates knowledge with material values. John is sure that knowledge can be bought and sold
• John learns with great pleasure and material incentives do not hinder him at all.
• In spite of material incentives John has no desire to go to school.
  

Read the text below and answer the question: John has problems at school: he can’t analyze books, lectures or films, however, he absorbs all the information and has a magnificent memory. But when he should conduct experiments or make a conclusion about “pitfalls” of different works or motives of other people he gets puzzled. Question: What should John work on developing?
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• 1️⃣ John needs to work on developing his analytical intelligence.
• 2️⃣ John needs to work on getting to know other people more.
• 3️⃣ John needs to work on developing his emotional intelligence.

Read the text below and answer the question: David’s brain was damaged after a car crash. Now David often needs help to reach objects and can’t define how far they are from him, so his wife helps him to get things he wants. Question: What brain area was damaged in the car crash?
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• Parietal lobe
• Cortex
• Amygdala
  

Read the description below and answer the question: This person is extremely bright, often relying more on facts than feelings. They prefer to think in a more logical and analytical way. Question: What is this person’s emotional type?
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• the intellectual
• the empath
• the rock
  

… represents information in one brain state after another, and the further along it goes, the less the pattern resembles the original picture on the retina. It gets more and more abstract. Broadly speaking, from V1, the information takes two paths — one for visual processing and the other for spatial.
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From a nomothetic point of view, these are considered to describe the psychologically … of any personality adequately.
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… is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain. This process occurs thanks to our five sensory systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

Read the text below and answer the question: Sarah wants to be a psychologist. Her parents are against Sarah's decision. They want Sarah to study medicine. Sarah is upset and doesn't know what to do. Question: What should Sarah do?
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• 1️⃣ Sarah should follow her parents' advice.
• 2️⃣ Sarah should insist on her decision.
• 3️⃣ Sarah should talk to her parents and argue her choice to them.

Read the text below and answer the question: Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened. Question: What is your interpretation, according to the theory?
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• “I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.”
• I’m afraid. Therefore I’m trembling.”
• “I’m experiencing these emotions because of the previous trauma”.
  

Read the text below and answer the question: Jurors place a lot of weight on eyewitness testimony. Imagine you are an attorney representing a defendant who is accused of robbing a convenience store. Several eyewitnesses have been called to testify against your client. Question: What would you tell the jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
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• Misinformation effect paradigm holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event, hence, the eyewitness testimonies might not be entirely accurate.
• The eyewitness testimonies will probably be inaccurate as strong emotions lead to the creation of weaker memories and therefore, these people will be prone to forgetting what actually happened at the store.
• Eyewitnesses frequently suffer from anterograde amnesia: they cannot remember new information and events that happened prior to their injuries or traumatic experiences that occurred in their life.
  

Read the text below and answer the question: Ruby is a clever girl, but she has trouble building relationships with other people. Sometimes she hurts others’ feelings and doesn’t understand why they are getting offended. Last month her friend’s (Thomas) uncle died and Ruby didn’t support Thomas and told him he hadn’t even loved his uncle and always talked nasty about him. They quarreled and Ruby didn’t understand why, after all she just had stated facts. Question: What is Ruby’s key obstacle to making new friends and maintaining relationships with existing ones?
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• 1️⃣ Ruby has undeveloped emotional intelligence
• 2️⃣ Ruby’s IQ is too high for other people
• 3️⃣ Ruby is just a very rational straight-forward person

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: Why do people react differently in similar situations?
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• Every human being is unique, but this uniqueness originates from the combination of 5 personality traits we all share
• The reason behind this is the context of the situation – we all perceive situations differently and this is the key factor behind different behavior.
• It is our genes that predominantly determine our behaviour and our personality, i.e. the way we react to different stimuli.
  

Read the text below and answer the question: The mental status exam is a clinical assessment tool used to evaluate a person's cognitive and emotional functioning. It typically focuses on areas such as mood and affect, attention and concentration, appearance, and other mental processes. Question: Based on this information, which of the following areas would the mental status exam be unlikely to cover?
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• Mood and affect
• Attention
• General appearance
• Memory
• Physical coordination
  

Read the text below and answer the question: You are a practicing psychologist who prefers to focus on the individual and emphasize the unique personal experience of human nature. You understand the need for general laws but it’s not something that you pursue in your practice. Question: What is the name of your approach?
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• Nomothetic
• Idiographic
• Psychodynamic
  

Read the question below and select one correct answer: How do we cultivate creative thinking?
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• 1️⃣ Creative thinking cannot be cultivated – it is a skill that we are either born with or we will never be able to have it at all.
• 2️⃣ Creative thinking can be cultivated by regularly practicing creativity in different situations and in relation to different problems.
• 3️⃣ Creative thinking can be cultivated by hard work and constant repetition of the same routines and procedures.

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?
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• Initially psychology was focused on the study of mind and mental processes, but over time, it began to shift more towards the study of behavior.
• At first, psychology was not considered a science in its modern definition, however, over time, all doubts about its scientific nature were eliminated.
• Psychology has always been and still continues to focus solely on cognitive functions and mental processes.
  

Read the question below and select one correct answer: Question: What is the essence of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking?
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• 1️⃣ If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be the number one. TTCT was developed for research and to provide a tool that can be used to individualize the instruction.
• 2️⃣ If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be somewhere in the middle. It is frequently used to measure creativity but it is not very successful.
• 3️⃣ If we were to make a hits list for creativity assessment tests, TTCT most probably would be one of the last ones. It is commonly used to measure intelligence, but some researchers use it for creativity assessment.

Put the main traits of creative people in the order they were mentioned in the lecture:

• 1) Physical energy and serenity
• 2) General intelligence
• 3) Playfulness and discipline
• 4) Imagination and fantasy
• 5) Extroverted and introverted
• 6) Humble and arrogant
• 7) Escape rigid gender role
• 8) Rebellious and conservative
• 9) Passionate about their work but lose interest in a difficult task
• 10) Openness and sensitivity
  

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

• 1) the value
• 2) of
• 3) IQ testing
• 4) is
• 5) most
• 6) evident
• 7) in
• 8) educational
• 9) or
• 10) clinical settings
  

Put these words in order to make a sentence:

• 1) Maslow's hierarchy
• 2) of needs is a motivational
• 3) theory in psychology
• 4) comprising a five-tier
• 5) model of human needs,
• 6) often depicted as hierarchical
• 7) levels within a pyramid
  

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

• 1) creative
• 2) people
• 3) tend to
• 4) be
• 5) smart
• 6) yet
• 7) naïve
• 8) at
• 9) the
• 10) same
• 11) time
  

Put these topics in the order they were mentioned in the lecture

• 1) Creative thinking is the production of unusual and good responses to problems. This definition of creative thinking is compatible with the definition of critical thinking being used in this article, differing only in that creative thinking requires the use of unusual strategies or skills.
• 2) Creativity is often assessed as a function of one’s ability to engage in divergent thinking. Divergent thinking can be described as thinking “outside the box;” it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem.
• 3) Working in a creative environment. Creativity is in part a social phenomenon. Simonton found that the most creative people were supported, aided, and challenged by other people working on similar projects.
• 4) Here are the 10 antithetical traits often present in creative people that are integrated with each other in a dialectical tension.
• 5) Psychometric measures of creative process and potential have been extensively implied in the field.
  

Put words in the right order to make a sentence:

• 1) memory
• 2) is
• 3) an
• 4) information
• 5) processing
• 6) system
  

Put the words in the right order to make a sentence:

• 1) scientists are engaged in
• 2) explaining and understanding
• 3) how the world around them works,
• 4) and they are able to do so
• 5) by coming up with theories
• 6) that generate hypotheses
• 7) that are testable and falsifiable
  

When you are examining data to look for trends, the type of intelligence you are using most is:
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• practical
• analytical
• emotional
• creative
  

The following is NOT one of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences:
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• creative
• spatial
• linguistic
• musical
  

The DSM-5 now uses … as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation:
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• autism and developmental disabilities
• lowered intelligence
• intellectual disability
• cognitive disruption
  

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ….
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• antibodies
• telomeres
• lymphocytes
• immune cells
  

Explicit (declarative) memory has two parts: semantic memory and … memory.
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Arthur Jensen believed that …:
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• genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
• environment was solely responsible for intelligence
• intelligence level was determined by race
• IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account
  

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ….
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• biology
• chemistry
• philosophy
• physics
  

There also appear to be specific … involved with the process of memory, such as epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine.
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The … content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
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• latent
• manifest
• collective unconscious
• important

V1” is …
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• Visual area one
• Visual perception
• Visual processing
  

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is called ….
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• engram
• arousal theory
• flashbulb memory
• equipotentiality hypothesis

Match the stages of memory and their descriptions:
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• A. Short-term memory (STM)
• B. Sensory memory
• C. Long-term memory (LTM)
• D. a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
• E. a storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
• F. a continuous storage of information

Even this early in the vision system, retinal … are processing some of the information, turning it into something useful for the later neurons.
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According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, the three stages of memory are … memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
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… is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• Prader-Willi syndrome
• morbid obesity
• anorexia nervosa
• bulimia nervosa
  

The nomothetic approach involves establishing … or generalizations that apply to everyone.
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… intelligence encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your fluid intelligence.
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A high level of … may be useful for jobs that require a great deal of interaction with other people, like public relations, teaching, and sales.
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Robert Sternberg developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled the … theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprising three parts: practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.
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In contrast, … thinking describes the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem.
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… is the production of unusual and good responses to problems.
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Match the terms with their descriptions:
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• A. People who like to learn new things and enjoy new experiences usually score high in …. It includes personality traits like being insightful and imaginative and having a wide variety of interests.
• B. People that have a high degree of … are reliable and prompt. Personality traits include being organized, methodic, and thorough.
• C. … get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. This includes the personality traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive.
• D. Openness
• E. Conscientiousness
• F. Extraversion

Match the terms with their equivalents in Russian:
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• A. Social skills
• B. Cultural intelligence
• C. Cultural competence
• D. Flynn effect
• E. Intelligence quotient
• F. Социальные навыки
• G. Культурный интеллект
• H. Культурная компетенция
• I. Эффект Флинна
• J. Коэффициент интеллекта

Match the terms and their definitions:
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• A. Sibling differences
• B. Personality
• C. Reliability
• D. Validity
• E. exposed to different childhood influences and as a result grew up to have different personalities
• F. the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person character that influence behaviour in different situations
• G. the consistency of response to a psychological assessment device
• H. the extent to which the assessment device measures what it is intended to measure

Match these terms with their Russians equivalents:
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• A. Retina
• B. biological reality
• C. inferior temporal lobe
• D. quasi-perceptual episode
• E. Sensory
• F. Delusory
• G. mental phenomenon
• H. Ретина
• I. Биологическая реальность
• J. Нижняя височная извилина
• K. Квази-перцептивная модель
• L. Сенсорный
• M. Иллюзорный
• N. Психическое явление

Match the terms with their descriptions:
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• A. Introduction
• B. Methods
• C. Results
• D. Conclusions
• E. Overview of the topic
• F. Research questions
• G. Answers to research questions
• H. Summary of main findings

There are also … processes. It’s easier to see what you expect to see, and the mind is constantly guessing at what will come next, and priming early visual areas to make seeing those things easier to do.
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Personality is thought to be ….
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• short term and easily changed
• a pattern of short-term characteristics
• unstable and short term
• long term, stable and not easily changed
  

" … affect" refers to one's propensity to experience positive emotions and interact with others and with life's challenges in a positive way.
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The … is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together, this organ and the spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.
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He was searching for evidence of the … : the group of neurons that serve as the “physical representation of memory”.
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Need for … refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.
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• achievement
• affiliation
• intimacy
• power
  

… is not a dimension of job burnout:
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• depersonalization
• hostility
• exhaustio
• diminished accomplishment
  

The major psychology approaches are the following … (Select 3 correct answers):
_{Тип ответа: Множественный выбор •}

• Biological
• Social learning
• Psychodynamic
• Tentative
• Scientific

Neurons absorb … (select 2 correct answers):
_{Тип ответа: Множественный выбор •}

• Sugar
• Oxygen
• Tissue
• Calcium

According to your reading, nearly … of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.
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• one half
• one third
• one fourth
• one fifth

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ….
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• persistence
• misattribution
• transience
• blocking
  

A self-report checklist of CA2 consists of …
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• 86 items
• -94 items
• 96 items

Match English terms with their meaning in Russian:
_{Тип ответа: Сопоставление}

• A. Procedural memory
• B. Declarative memory
• C. Semantic memory
• D. Misinformation effect
• E. Transience
• F. - Процедурная память
• G. - Декларативная память
• H. - Семантическая память
• I. - Эффект дезинформации
• J. - Быстротечность

JIFT is a self-report for …
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• -5 to 12 years old
• 10 years or older
• 1-6 graders

… memory is a type of implicit memory: it stores information about how to do things.
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Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of … in dealing with stress.
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• biofeedback
• social support
• perceived control
• emotion-focused coping

The inventor of The NEO Personality Inventory is …
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор}

• Costa and McCrae
• Mednick
• Wallach and Kogan
  

Parental and … conflicts have been tied to the development of asthma.
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The nomothetic approach typically uses scientific methods such as … and observations to obtain quantitative data. Group averages are statistically analyzed to create predictions about people in general.
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When we image something visually, it shows up on the …
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… is when you look down on somebody derisively or suspiciously. What’s important about the expression is that the lips tighten on one side of the face but not the other.
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… is also sometimes called Emotional Stability.
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The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ….
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• psychodynamic
• temperament
• humors
• personality
  

… refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. It involves both bottom-up and top-down processing.
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Choose two wrong antithetical traits often present in creative people:
_{Тип ответа: Множественный выбор •}

• Wisdom and childishness
• Concentration
• Hyperactivity
• Imagination
• Total arrogance
  

‘Psyche’ is a Greek word meaning … .
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• essence
• soul
• behaviour
• love
  

In the brain, the visual cortex processes visual information and passes it from lower to higher areas of the brain which is also called … .
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• “bottom-up” and “top-down
• V1
• posterior parietal lobe
  

Creative individuals are remarkable for their ability to … (Select 2 answers):
_{Тип ответа: Множественный выбор •}

• adapt
• be hyperactive
• have low concentration

Match English terminology and its equivalents in Russian:
_{Тип ответа: Сопоставление}

• A. Brain areas
• B. Vision system
• C. Retinal neurons
• D. Inferior temporal lobe
• E. Posterior parietal lobe
• F. Visual perception
• G. Visual processing
• H. Spatial processing+
• I. - Область мозга
• J. - Зрительная система
• K. - Нейроны сетчатки
• L. - Нижняя височная извилина
• M. - Задняя теменная кора
• N. - Зрительное/визуальное восприятие
• O. - Визуальная обработка
• P. Пространственная обработка
  

Match linking words and phrases with their use cases:
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• A. Because
• B. Also
• C. Nevertheless
• D. As a consequence
• E. - Reason
• F. - Addition
• G. - Contrast
• H. - Result
  

Match the terms with their definition:
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• A. Sample
• B. Theory
• C. Participants
• D. Opinion
• E. - subset of individuals selected from the larger population
• F. - well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
• G. - subjects of psychological research
• H. - personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
  

According to Freud, our personality develops from a(n)… between two forces: our biological aggressive and pleasureseeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives.
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An individual’s consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) … .
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• psychosexual stage
• object permanence
• personality
• perception
  

… is most well-known for proposing the concept called the hierarchy of needs.
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• Noam Chomsky
• Carl Rogers
• Abraham Maslow
• Sigmund Freud

Match the parts of the sentences:
_{Тип ответа: Сопоставление}

• A. Eating disorders
• B. Young women are
• C. Research has been carried out to
• D. Recent advances in information technology have raised
• E. - include binge eating.
• F. - most commonly affected.
• G. - trace changes in eating patterns.
• H. - new issues in the field of psychology
  

The body’s biological clock is located in the ….
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• hippocampus
• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland

… is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality.
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• Hippocrates
• Gall
• Wundt
• Freud

Match the terms with their definitions:
_{Тип ответа: Сопоставление}

• A. Sublimation
• B. Repression
• C. Projection
• D. Reaction formation
• E. - Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
• F. - Suppressing painful memories and thoughts
• G. - Attributing unacceptable desires to others
• H. - Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own

Match the terms and their definitions:
_{Тип ответа: Сопоставление}

• A. Bias
• B. Engram
• C. Blocking
• D. Construction
• E. Absentmindedness
• F. how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
• G. physical trace of memory
• H. memory error in which you cannot access stored information
• I. formulation of new memories
• J. lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
  

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person’s skull is known as ….
_{Тип ответа: Одиночный выбор •}

• -phrenology
• -psychology
• physiology
• personality psychology

Read the text below and answer the question: Steve didn't learn the material during the school year. Now he is sure that on the last night he will be able to learn everything. Question: What do you think?

• Steve will learn everything successfully on the eve of the examination.
• Steve will learn only half of the material.
• Steve will be able to remember only some key points.

Match the theories with their descriptions:

• A. Humanistic theory of personality development
• B. Observational Learning
• C. Levels of consciousness
• D. - Rogers developed client-centered therapy (later re-named ‘person-centered’), which was a non-directive therapy, allowing clients to deal with what they considered important, at their own pace. This method involves removing obstacles so the client can move forward, freeing him or her for normal growth and development.
• E. - Bandura’s key contribution to learning theory was the idea that much learning is vicarious. We learn by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences. He felt that this type of learning also plays a part in the development of our personality. Just as we learn individual behaviors, we learn new behavior patterns when we see them performed by other people or models.
• F. - Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. He said that only about one-tenth of our mind is conscious, and the rest of our mind is unconscious. Our unconscious refers to that mental activity of which we are unaware and are unable to access. According to Freud, unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our unconscious through a process called repression.