Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, And Fluid Flow. V.1. Thermodynamics, страница 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Figure 32 Rankine Cycle with Real v.s. Ideal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Figure 33 Rankine Cycle Efficiencies T-s . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Figure 34 h-s Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Figure 35 Typical Steam Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 91Figure 36 Steam Cycle (Ideal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Figure 37 Steam Cycle (Real) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 92Figure 38 Mollier Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Figure 39 Ideal Gas Constant Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Figure 40 Pressure-Volume Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Rev. 0Page vHT-01LIST OF FIGURESThermodynamicsLIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)Figure A-1 Mollier Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Figure A-2 Sample Steam Tables . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3Figure A-3 Thermodynamic Properties of Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5Figure A-4 Thermodynamic Properties of CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .HT-01Page viA-7Rev. 0ThermodynamicsLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLESNONERev. 0Page viiHT-01REFERENCESThermodynamicsREFERENCESVanWylen, G. J. and Sonntag, R. E., Fundamentals of Classical ThermodynamicsSI Version, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-04188-2.Kreith, Frank, Principles of Heat Transfer, 3rd Edition, Intext Press, Inc., NewYork, ISBN 0-7002-2422-X.Holman, J. P., Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York.Streeter, Victor, L., Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN07-062191-9.Rynolds, W. C.

and Perkins, H. C., Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd Edition,McGraw-Hill, New York, ISBN 0-07-052046-1.Meriam, J. L., Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics, John Wiley andSons, New York, ISBN 0-471-01979-8.Schneider, P. J. Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley Pub.

Co., California.Holman, J. P., Heat Transfer, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.Knudsen, J. G. and Katz, D. L., Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill,New York.Kays, W. and London, A. L., Compact Heat Exchangers, 2nd Edition, McGrawHill, New York.Weibelt, J. A., Engineering Radiation Heat Transfer, Holt, Rinehart and WinstonPublish., New York.Sparrow, E.

M. and Cess, R. E., Radiation Heat Transfer, Brooks/Cole Publish.Co., Belmont, California.Hamilton, D. C. and Morgan, N. R., Radiant-Interchange Configuration Factors,Tech. Note 2836, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.HT-01Page viiiRev. 0ThermodynamicsREFERENCESREFERENCES (Cont.)McDonald, A. T. and Fox, R. W., Introduction to Fluid mechanics, 2nd Edition,John Wiley and Sons, New York, ISBN 0-471-01909-7.Zucrow, M. J. and Hoffman, J. D., Gas Dynamics Vol.b1, John Wiley and Sons,New York, ISBN 0-471-98440-X.Crane Company, Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe, Crane Co.Technical Paper No. 410, Chicago, Illinois, 1957.Esposito, Anthony, Fluid Power with Applications, Prentice-Hall, Inc., NewJersey, ISBN 0-13-322701-4.Beckwith, T.

G. and Buck, N. L., Mechanical Measurements, Addison-WesleyPublish Co., California.Wallis, Graham, One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York,1969.Kays, W. and Crawford, M. E., Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, McGrawHill, New York, ISBN 0-07-03345-9.Collier, J. G., Convective Boiling and Condensation, McGraw-Hill, New York,ISBN 07-084402-X.Academic Program for Nuclear Power Plant Personnel, Volumes III and IV,Columbia, MD: General Physics Corporation, Library of Congress Card#A326517, 1982.Faires, Virgel Moring and Simmang, Clifford Max, Thermodynamics, MacMillanPublishing Co.

Inc., New York.Rev. 0Page ixHT-01OBJECTIVESThermodynamicsTERMINAL OBJECTIVE1.0Given operating conditions of a system, EVALUATE the thermodynamic state of thesystem.ENABLING OBJECTIVES1.1DEFINE the following properties:a.Specific volumeb.Densityc.Specific gravityd.Humidity1.2DESCRIBE the following classifications of thermodynamic properties:a.Intensive propertiesb.Extensive properties1.3DEFINE the thermodynamic properties temperature and pressure.1.4DESCRIBE the Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine temperature scales including:a.Absolute zero temperatureb.The freezing point of water at atmospheric pressurec.The boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure1.5CONVERT temperatures between the Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine scales.1.6DESCRIBE the relationship between absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and vacuum.1.7CONVERT pressures between the following units:a.Pounds per square inchb.Inches of waterc.Inches of mercuryd.Millimeters of mercurye.Microns of mercury1.8DEFINE the following:a.Heatb.Latent heatc.Sensible heatd.Unit used to measure heatHT-01Page xRev.

0ThermodynamicsOBJECTIVESENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)1.9DEFINE the following thermodynamic properties:a.Specific enthalpyb.Entropy1.10DESCRIBE the following types of thermodynamic systems:a.Isolated systemb.Closed systemc.Open system1.11DEFINE the following terms concerning thermodynamic systems:a.Thermodynamic surroundingsb.Thermodynamic equilibriumc.Control volumed.Steady-state1.12DESCRIBE the following terms concerning thermodynamic processes:a.Thermodynamic processb.Cyclic processc.Reversible processd.Irreversible processe.Adiabatic processf.Isentropic processg.Throttling processh.Polytropic process1.13DISTINGUISH between intensive and extensive properties.1.14DEFINE the following terms:a.Saturationb.Subcooled liquidc.Superheated vapord.Critical Pointe.Triple Pointf.Vapor pressure curveg.Qualityh.Moisture content1.15DESCRIBE the processes of sublimation, vaporization, condensation, and fusion.Rev.

0Page xiHT-01OBJECTIVESThermodynamicsENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)1.16Given a Mollier diagram and sufficient information to indicate the state of the fluid,DETERMINE any unknown properties for the fluid.1.17Given a set of steam tables and sufficient information to indicate the state of the fluid,DETERMINE any unknown properties for the fluid.1.18DETERMINE the change in the enthalpy of a fluid as it passes through a systemcomponent, given the state of the fluid at the inlet and outlet of the component and eithersteam tables or a Mollier diagram.1.19STATE the First Law of Thermodynamics.1.20Using the First Law of Thermodynamics, ANALYZE an open system including allenergy transfer processes crossing the boundaries.1.21Using the First Law of Thermodynamics, ANALYZE cyclic processes for athermodynamic system.1.22Given a defined system, PERFORM energy balances on all major components in thesystem.1.23Given a heat exchanger, PERFORM an energy balance across the two sides of the heatexchanger.1.24IDENTIFY the path(s) on a T-s diagram that represents the thermodynamic processesoccurring in a fluid system.1.25STATE the Second Law of Thermodynamics.1.26Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics, DETERMINE the maximum possibleefficiency of a system.1.27Given a thermodynamic system, CONDUCT an analysis using the Second Law ofThermodynamics.1.28Given a thermodynamic system, DESCRIBE the method used to determine:a.The maximum efficiency of the systemb.The efficiency of the components within the systemHT-01Page xiiRev.

0ThermodynamicsOBJECTIVESENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)1.29DIFFERENTIATE between the path for an ideal process and that for a real process ona T-s or h-s diagram.1.30Given a T-s or h-s diagram for a system EVALUATE:a.System efficienciesb.Component efficiencies1.31DESCRIBE how individual factors affect system or component efficiency.1.32Apply the ideal gas laws to SOLVE for the unknown pressure, temperature, or volume.1.33DESCRIBE when a fluid may be considered to be incompressible.1.34CALCULATE the work done in constant pressure and constant volume processes.1.35DESCRIBE the effects of pressure changes on confined fluids.1.36DESCRIBE the effects of temperature changes on confined fluids.Rev.

0Page xiiiHT-01ThermodynamicsIntentionally Left BlankHT-01Page xivRev. 0ThermodynamicsTHERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIESTHERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIESThermodynamic properties describe measurable characteristics of a substance.A knowledge of these properties is essential to the understanding ofthermodynamics.EO 1.1DEFINE the following properties:a.Specific volumeb.Densityc.Specific gravityd.HumidityEO 1.2DESCRIBE the following classifications ofthermodynamic properties:a.Intensive propertiesb.Extensive propertiesMass and WeightThe mass (m) of a body is the measure of the amount of material present in that body.

Theweight (wt) of a body is the force exerted by that body when its mass is accelerated in agravitational field. Mass and weight are related as shown in Equation 1-1.wt =mggc(1-1)where:wtmggc====weight (lbf)mass (lbm)acceleration of gravity = 32.17 ft/sec2gravitational constant = 32.17 lbm-ft/lbf-sec2Note that gc has the same numerical value as the acceleration of gravity at sea level, but is notthe acceleration of gravity. Rather, it is a dimensional constant employed to facilitate the use ofNewton’s Second Law of Motion with the English system of units.The weight of a body is a force produced when the mass of the body is accelerated by agravitational acceleration. The mass of a certain body will remain constant even if thegravitational acceleration acting upon that body changes.Rev.