Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, And Fluid Flow. V.1. Thermodynamics

DOE-HDBK-1012/1-92JUNE 1992DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOKTHERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER,AND FLUID FLOWVolume 1 of 3U.S. Department of EnergyFSC-6910Washington, D.C. 20585Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information.P.

O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; (615) 576-8401.Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department ofCommerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.Order No. DE92019789THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOWABSTRACTThe Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow Fundamentals Handbook wasdeveloped to assist nuclear facility operating contractors provide operators, maintenancepersonnel, and the technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basicunderstanding of the thermal sciences. The handbook includes information on thermodynamicsand the properties of fluids; the three modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection, andradiation; and fluid flow, and the energy relationships in fluid systems.

This information willprovide personnel with a foundation for understanding the basic operation of various types of DOEnuclear facility fluid systems.Key Words: Training Material, Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Fluid Flow, Bernoulli'sEquationRev. 0HTTHERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOWFOREWORDThe Department of Energy (DOE) Fundamentals Handbooks consist of ten academicsubjects, which include Mathematics; Classical Physics; Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and FluidFlow; Instrumentation and Control; Electrical Science; Material Science; Mechanical Science;Chemistry; Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings; and Nuclear Physics and ReactorTheory.

The handbooks are provided as an aid to DOE nuclear facility contractors.These handbooks were first published as Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals in 1985for use by DOE Category A reactors. The subject areas, subject matter content, and level of detailof the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manuals was determined from several sources.

DOECategory A reactor training managers determined which materials should be included, and servedas a primary reference in the initial development phase. Training guidelines from the commercialnuclear power industry, results of job and task analyses, and independent input from contractorsand operations-oriented personnel were all considered and included to some degree in developingthe text material and learning objectives.The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks represent the needs of various DOE nuclear facilities'fundamentals training requirements. To increase their applicability to nonreactor nuclear facilities,the Reactor Operator Fundamentals Manual learning objectives were distributed to the NuclearFacility Training Coordination Program Steering Committee for review and comment.

To updatetheir reactor-specific content, DOE Category A reactor training managers also reviewed andcommented on the content. On the basis of feedback from these sources, information that appliedto two or more DOE nuclear facilities was considered generic and was included. The final draftof each of these handbooks was then reviewed by these two groups. This approach has resultedin revised modular handbooks that contain sufficient detail such that each facility may adjust thecontent to fit their specific needs.Each handbook contains an abstract, a foreword, an overview, learning objectives, and textmaterial, and is divided into modules so that content and order may be modified by individual DOEcontractors to suit their specific training needs.

Each subject area is supported by a separateexamination bank with an answer key.The DOE Fundamentals Handbooks have been prepared for the Assistant Secretary forNuclear Energy, Office of Nuclear Safety Policy and Standards, by the DOE Training CoordinationProgram. This program is managed by EG&G Idaho, Inc.Rev. 0HTTHERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOWOVERVIEWThe Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Thermodynamics, HeatTransfer, and Fluid Flow was prepared as an information resource for personnel who areresponsible for the operation of the Department's nuclear facilities.

A basic understanding of thethermal sciences is necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, and thetechnical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. Theinformation in the handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineeringconcepts to the job. This knowledge will help personnel more fully understand the impact thattheir actions may have on the safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems.The Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow handbook consists of three modulesthat are contained in three volumes.

The following is a brief description of the informationpresented in each module of the handbook.Volume 1 of 3Module 1 - ThermodynamicsThis module explains the properties of fluids and how those properties areaffected by various processes. The module also explains how energy balances canbe performed on facility systems or components and how efficiency can becalculated.Volume 2 of 3Module 2 - Heat TransferThis module describes conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. Themodule also explains how specific parameters can affect the rate of heat transfer.Volume 3 of 3Module 3 - Fluid FlowThis module describes the relationship between the different types of energy in afluid stream through the use of Bernoulli's equation.

The module also discussesthe causes of head loss in fluid systems and what factors affect head loss.Rev. 0HTTHERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOWThe information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. Anattempt to present the entire subject of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid flow would beimpractical. However, the Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow handbook doespresent enough information to provide the reader with a fundamental knowledge level sufficientto understand the advanced theoretical concepts presented in other subject areas, and to betterunderstand basic system and equipment operations.Rev.

0HTDepartment of EnergyFundamentals HandbookTHERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER,AND FLUID FLOWModule 1ThermodynamicsThermodynamicsTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ivLIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiREFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiiOBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xTHERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Mass and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific Volume . . . .

. . . . . . . .Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . .Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Intensive and Extensive PropertiesSummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1334445TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Temperature . . . . .Temperature ScalesPressure . . . . . . . .Pressure Scales . . .Summary . . . . . . .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................669912ENERGY, WORK, AND HEAT . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . .Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific Internal Energy . . . . . .Specific P-V Energy . . . . . . . .Specific Enthalpy .

. . . . . . . . .Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Energy and Power EquivalencesSummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rev. 0.............................................................................Page i....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1414151617181819222325HT-01TABLE OF CONTENTSThermodynamicsTABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES .