Методические указания к практическим занятиям по обыкновенным дифференциальным уравнениям, страница 5
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54. 6 45 Gjt4a , b, c......r, s.%7:: 4C1k25 G427;.C23.4..k:55- :7:E ) V jm = 0 .5+ C j+1V j2 e:Cm:Ej: (A7:: C j Re(P) + C j+1 Im(P)3 573.3. 6 4=; Re(P)3jtj±i :t5- :5423.2.C j V1j ei ,:A5== V j [cos( t ) + i sin( t )] e3.1.2C;1= V j [cos( t ) i sin( t )] ejP = Vj e (7i ,Vj ,j54==j, j+1Ej5P = Vj e (3.5. 6 4j5E) V j = 0jCCC5: (A3.4.- 4 D. 64:223.4..7.:4j,.".#$%. 655.2.% :x& = 2x + 3yy& = 4 y + x$G$%)$:1.5 GA=2 31 42.E:A2E=A:31457 5E) = 0det(AC: 7.4:E) =det(A%423174= (24) 3 1=) (45;:226 +56 +5= 0 -57 5.C2: 72:6 +5= 0D = 621,=C4 5 = 166162=12: 7=6 + 16=52–557 5 3–4,.3.A6 4 2A1E=C(A'.5.1E ,1=1,C5:2 1 31 3=14 11 351E )3V1 ::1 31 3V1 = 0-:v1 + 3v 2 = 0v1 + 3v 2 = 0v10=v20,;C2:.".v2 = 1 ,%5#$%73:4v1 = 3v 2 = 3 .3:31V1 =6 4 2AA2E=2E ,5(A2 E)33173:,;Cv1 = v 2 = 1 .325:1 5t3 1tx= C1ee + C211y6 4 225x = 3C1 e t + C 2 e 5 ty = C1 e t + C 2 e 5t":x = 3C1 e1 t + C 2 e 5 ty = C1 e1 t + C 2 e 5 t3v1 + 3v 2 = 0v1 v 2 = 0v10=v2031114.
6 4 2:::V2 =53131V2 = 0-:v2 = 1 ,CV2 :'.5.5=5,22 53=14 5C%. 66:2:.".#$%. 675.3.% :x& = x 3yy& = 3x + y$G$%)$:1.5 GA=13:312.E:A1E=A33157 5E) = 0det(AC: 7.4:E) =det(A%413317= (1) 3 ( 3) =) (1452;:2 + 1022 + 10 = 0 -57 5.C2: 7,2:2 + 10 = 0D = 2 2 4 10 = 361=22C536=1 3 i2: 74 5=2+2–5- 4 D36= 1+ 3 i57 5 3–4,.3.'.5. 55C;C7 5 3:6 4 2,AA2EC=142E ,232V2 :4,54 5- 4 D,= 1+ 3 i= 1+ 3 i ,1 1 3i3=31 1 3i52C3i333i:5:.".#$%(A3i3V2 = 02 E)'.5.-:v2 = 1 ,%573:. 683 i v1 3v 2 = 03v1 3 i v 2 = 0v10=v2033i,;C2v1 = v 2 i = i .3:i1V2 =(4P = V2 e2t:=:i (1+ 3 i ) tii cos(3t ) + i 2 sin(3t ) te[cos(3t ) + i sin(3t )] e t =e ==11cos(3t ) + i sin(3t )sin(3t ) + i cos(3t ) tecos(3t ) + i sin(3t )=57:P=sin(3t ) tcos(3t ) te +iecos(3t )sin(3t )4.
6 4 22574573 4xsin(3t ) tcos(3t ) t= C1e + C2eycos(3t )sin(3t )6 4 225x = C1 sin(3t ) e t + C 2 cos(3t ) e ty = C1 cos(3t ) e t + C 2 sin(3t ) e t"::x = C1 sin(3t ) e t + C 2 cos(3t ) e ty = C1 cos(3t ) e t + C 2 sin(3t ) e t:::C.".#$%. 695.4.x& = 2 x + yy& = 4 y x$G$%)$:% :1.5 G:2 11 4A=2.E:A2E=A11457 5E) = 0det(AC: 7.4:E) =det(A%421147= (2452) 1 ( 1) =) (4;:26 +96 +9 = 0 -57 5.C2: 7,2:6 +9 = 0D = 36 2 4 9 = 01C=60=322: 7=–56+ 0=3257 5 3–5,.3.A6 4 2A1E=1E ,32 31=1 4 31= 3:1 11 154 GC5x = (a + b t ) e 3 ty = (c + d t ) e 3t' 3 :2- ::C5,.".#$%. 70x = a e 3 t + b t e 3tx& = 3a e 3t + b (e 3t + 3t e 3t )y = c e 3t + d t e 3 ty& = 3c e 3t + d (e 3t + 3t e 3t )%47D4:3a e 3t + b (e 3t + 3t e 3t ) = 2 (a e 3t + b t e 3t ) + (c e 3t + d t e 3t )144442444431442443 1442443x&( 55 C5x44Cy347:(3a + b) e 3t + 3b t e 3t = (2a + c) e 3t + (2b + d) t e 3t%5 G45544t7:3a + b = 2a + c3b = 2b + d%4a+b=cb=d7D:3c e 3t + d (e 3t + 3t e 3t ) = 4 (c e 3t + d t e 3t ) (a e 3t + b t e 3t )144442444431442443 1442443y&( 55 C5y44Cx347:(3c + d) e 3t + 3d t e 3t = (4c a ) e 3t + (4d b) t e 3t%5 G455t44- ,5D 1-47:3c + d = 4c a3d = 4d bCMa+d =cb=d255 G:a+b=cb=da+d =cb=d7, 7,7424' 3 : c = C1 + C 2 ( : 4d = C2 ( :72-b=d.D4.
5;::334)): a = C1b = C2 .3- 4.".#$%. 71x = (C1 + C 2 t ) e 3ty = (C1 + C 2 + C 2 t ) e 3t"x = (C1 + C 2 t ) e 3t:y = (C1 + C 2 + C 2 t ) e 3t5.2. ) "$0& >)%$'%&( %$+ Q..)H)$%" 0) (% !%&(= " 1%%&0))=!$ $>$%)$ 5.5.45 G() n -3 45::x& 1 = a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n + f1 ( t )x& 2 = a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n + f 2 ( t )........x& n = a n1 x 1 + a n 2 x 2 + ... + a nn x n + f n ( t )( 2D7 ,$"Cf i (t )54;4–44C7,32.# !) H)) =! )L# >F%&( = " 1%%&(;+?1. ( 22.';1 ;4572(,: 4:l C14:424.4:CC j (t )3.
%43 C725.4=,47& .:Cj,C j (t ) , 46. %;& .Cj7 54. ( 2$":~& : C (t) = C& ( t )dx + CCjjjj372 ! * "%D!$G$%)1 >12: 4. 2. %72.=$H) >F%&0) =! #&0) * "10).".7#$%,5 347;)cos( t )&$ ef j ( t ) = # Pm ( t ) ''$'(sin( t ) $%(4CtDC544t)cos( t )&'$ '$'(sin( t ) $%•4D;+?';1 ;2.5 Dm -53C732.)cos( t )&$ e t, :: Pm ( t ) ''$'(sin( t ) $%73 74,m.C :1. ( 2:4Pm ( t ) = p o + p1 t + p 2 t 2 + p 3 t 3 + ...
+ p m t m -•443. 7233(<,: 447l C15 D234Pm ( t ) ,3 7.4:34tt3cos( t )sin( t ) ,3G5 4,Dt,m=0-5 G4cos( t ) ,sin( t ) ,-5 G43D=0t3DG5 4,= 0.3. 3 44353 44/ D:43 444:353: m4,C1C.; 3 44.4. 3 4433 445.5 D4:)45 D= 0,x75443 44: 4= Q m+s ( t ) et,3,:55: m73C12.4;1.".Q m+s ( t ) C1#$%53 74. 73,4m+s4t,:m -43 44-5 G4s - 443 44s75C);1C :45x7m+s3 44( +i ),7D753 7C1:: 4.1 ,( +i )7,:7 5 35s = 0.= [Q m +s ( t ) cos( t ) + R m +s ( t ) sin( t )] e45 Gt,3,4,:3 44 .4t3-5 G4t3s - 45 56. 4: 77.
6 4:,-5 G5 G457 5 3Q m +s ( t ), R m +s ( t ) -m -4G5 440,43tG5 44cos( t )7sin( t )3 4443 44):5 G4.25 527t.".#$%. 746. 5%5PC1 32:51-3 453%22:72575 ,2:7D7 4C5 C1 3;12235: G5 G53,:5 3454 5 7 54 G:,D;1-3 4, 5 5 47445: :75 .,,:5D ,:/ 257 ." % #+ L*) *) >$%%% : y = f ( x , y) -1-3 4y( x 0 ) = y 0 :x0 -' C71 ;76.1.$"5 ,= !1 +4:,,75 , y 0 - : 74:1-: 2724)%"$ !)! # %)15; :7;77/ 275 .–3; y = y( x ) ,; 575 M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) .S'>$!C72 3h,417 5:x i = x 0 + i h, i = 0,1,2,..52M 0 (x 0 , y0 ) , 42;(C3D:4,y i +1 y i= y (x i )h57;) y = y( x ) , 4; 5M 0 , M1 , M 2 ..... , :4;14y i +1 y i= f (x i , yi )h71 ; 7;3:55y i +1 = y i + h f ( x i , y i )L:7;5 D.' 375.".#$%.
75x i +1 = x i + hy i +1 = y i + h f ( x i , y i )!7 54L45 6.1:. 6.1.JL:2 4: 7h, 4 535 ,41L34(5 D7'74 3 2: 5 ;77,7:5[ x i , x i +1 ]:y( x i + h ) = y( x i ) + h y ( x i ), i = 0,1,2.... ,. .JG 3:5L4 3 243. 35 h2 .42753;:).".#$%1)72);7 55. 765 4L2 C 5.D4;;14(. 6.2.).. 6.2./ 55:;45 ,47C2 3 h,L:3.6.1.% : y' = y x 2 ,( 2::5y ( 0) = 07 / 21, 73:C1-3 4:5 n = 1, 2, 4, 5 .$G$%)$:%;:7 5: y' = f ( x , y),y( x 0 ) = y 0 .5L;.".%7n = 1,#$%: y' = yx2,y ( 0) = 0 , :h=1 0=1 - 2 310x0 = 0,f ( x, y) = y x 2Ly0 = 01x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 1 = 1y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0) = 0 + 1 (0 - 02) = 0n = 2,h=1 0= 0 .5 - 2 320x0 = 0,Ly0 = 01x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.5 = 0.5y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0) = 0 + 0.5 (0 - 02) = 02x2 = x1 + h = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1) = 0 + 0.5 (0 - 0.52) = -0.125n = 4,h=1 0= 0.25 - 2 340x0 = 0,Ly0 = 01x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.25 = 0.25y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0) = 0 + 0.25 (0 - 02) = 02x2 = x1 + h = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1) = 0 + 0.25 (0 - 0.252) = -0.01563x3 = x2 + h = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.75y3 = y2 + h f(x2,y2) = -0.0156 + 0.25 (-0.0156 -0.52) = -0.0824x4 = x3 + h = 0.75 + 0.25 = 1y4 = y3 + h f(x3,y3) = -0.0820 + 0.25 (-0.0820 - 0.752) = -0.2432n = 5,h=1 0= 0 .2 - 2 350x0 = 0,L.
77.".#$%. 78y0 = 01x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.2 = 0.2y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0) = 0 + 0.2 (0 - 02) = 02x2 = x1 + h = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1) = 0 + 0.2 (0 - 0.22) = -0.0083x3 = x2 + h = 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6y3 = y2 + h f(x2,y2) = -0.0080 + 0.2 (-0.0080 - 0.42) = -0.04164x4 = x3 + h = 0.6 + 0.2 = 0.8y4 = y3 + h f(x3,y3) = -0.0416 + 0.2 (-0.0416 - 0.62) = -0.12195x5 = x4 + h = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1y5 = y4 + h f(x4,y4) = -0.1219 + 0.2 (-0.1219 - 0.82) = -0.2743( :7:C5) > ! L2)$%)'n=1h=1n=2h =0.5n=4h = 0.25n=5h = 0.2:T )"$! H))0101201234012345x0100.5100.250.50.75100.20.40.60.81y0000-0.12500-0.0156-0.0820-0.243200-0.008-0.0416-0.1219-0.2743.".6.2.#$%).)+ H)) 0$"@L; 4Dxy71i+21i+2: 74: 7i+12h2= yi +hf (x i , yi )2= f (x4i+47, 457:= xi +4f6S'>$!27.
793575 :1 , y 1 ),i+223 ; :x i +1 = x i + hy i +1 = y i + h f!7 54i+12L4. 6.3.745 6.3.:.".#$%354L; «3 C4464CCD4D4»-/ 2 , 457: ~y i+1 = y i + h f ( x i ,yYi ) ,23. 80: 53~fi +1 = f ( x i +1 , ~y i +1 ) .53 ; :x i +1 = x i + hy i +1!7 5~(f ( x i , y i ) + fi +1 )= yi + h24L-/ 2 45 6.4.:. 6.4.% 3 26.3.3$"5% $-L2 3745 h3 .""4x i +1 = x i + hy i +1 = y i + -y i35 D: 7554;4:.".#$%1(k 1(i ) + 2 k (2i ) + 2 k 3(i ) + k (4i ) )6-y i =k 1(i ) = h f ( x i , y i )k 3(i ) = h f ( x i +J D5 :J(25,74C:G 35 D77k (i )h, yi + 1 )22k (4i ) = h f ( x i + h , y i + k 3(i ) ): 747k (2i ) = h f ( x i +k (i )h, yi + 2 )224 3 23 -/. 812 37;, ,5 h5 .4;5245 .6.2.% : y' = y x 2 ,( 2:y ( 0) = 07 / 2:51, 73:C1-3 45:5 n = 5 .$G$%)$:n = 5,h=01 0= 0 .2 - 2 35(3 -/x0 = 0,y0 = 0k10 = h f(x0, y0) = 0.2 (0 - 02) = 0hk0k20 = h f(x0 + , y0 + 1 ) = 0.2 ((0 + 0) - (0 + 0.1)2) = -0.002220khk30 = h f(x0 + , y0 + 2 ) = 0.2 ((0 - 0.001) - (0 + 0.1)2) = -0.002222k40 = h f(x0 + h, y0 + k30) = 0.2 ((0 - 0.0022) - (0 + 0.2)2) = -0.0084-y0 = 1/6 (k10 + 2k20 + 2k30 + k40) = -0.00281x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.2 = 0.2y1 = y0 + -y0 = 0 - 0.0028 = -0.0028k11 = h f(x1, y1) = 0.2 (-0.0028 - 0.22) = -0.0086(3 -/,1 ;.".#$%hk11k2 = h f (x1 + , y1 +) = 0.2 ((-0.0028 - 0.0043) - (0.2 + 0.1)2) = -0.0194221k31 = h f (x1 +1kh, y1 + 2 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0028 - 0.0097) - (0.2 + 0.1)2) = -0.020522k41 = h f(x1 + h, y1 + k31 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0028 - 0.0205) - (0.2 + 0.2)2) = -0.0367-y1 = 1/6 (k11 + 2k21 + 2k31 + k41) = -0.02092x2 = x1 + h = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4y2 = y1 + -y1 = -0.0028 - 0.0209 = -0.0237k12 = h f(x2, y2) = 0.2 (-0.0237 - 0.42) = -0.03672khk2 = h f(x2 + , y2 + 1 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0237 - 0.0184) - (0.4 + 0.1)2) = -0.05842222khk32 = h f(x2 + , y2 + 2 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0237 - 0.0292) - (0.4 + 0.1)2) = -0.060622k42 = h f(x2 + h, y2 + k32 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0237 - 0.0606) - (0.4 + 0.2)2) = -0.0888-y2 = 1/6 (k12 + 2k22 + 2k32 + k42) = -0.06333x3 = x2 + h = 0.4 + 0.2 = 0.6y3 = y2 + -y2 = -0.0237 – 0.0633 = -0.0842k13 = h f(x3, y3) = 0.2 (-0.0842 - 0.62) = -0.08883khk23 = h f(x3 + , y3 + 1 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0842 - 0.0444) - (0.6 + 0.1)2) = -0.1237223khk33 = h f(x3 + , y3 + 2 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0842 - 0.0614) - (0.6 + 0.1)2) = -0.127222k43 = h f(x3 + h, y3 + k33 ) = 0.2 ((-0.0842 - 0.1272) - (0.6 + 0.2)2) = -0.1703-y3 = 1/6 (k13 + 2k23 + 2k33 + k43) = -0.12684x4 = x3 + h = 0.6 + 0.2 = 0.8y4 = y3 + -y3 = -0.0842 – 0.1268 = -0.2111k14 =h f(x4, y4) = 0.2 (-0.2111 - 0.82) = -0.17024khk24 =h f(x4 + , y4 + 1 ) = 0.2 ((-0.2111 - 0.0851) - (0.8 + 0.1)2) = -0.221222.
82.".#$%. 834khk3 =h f(x4 + , y4 + 2 ) = 0.2 ((-0.2111 - 0.1106) - (0.8 + 0.1)2) = -0.2263224k44 =h f(x4 + h, y4 + k34 ) = 0.2 ((-0.2111 - 0.2263) - (0.8 + 0.2)2) = -0.2875-y4 = 1/6 (k14 + 2k24 + 2k34 + k44) = -0.22555x5 = x4 + h = 0.8 + 0.2 = 1y5 = y4 + -y4 = -0.2111 – 0.2255 = -0.4366( :7:C5) > ! L2)$%)'n=5h = 0.2:T )"$! H))012345x00.20.40.60.81y0-0.0028-0.0237-0.0842-0.2111-0.4366.".#$%. 84" 34" 32" 326245 ,4 5 ;14D365" 32" 32" 32" 3:,:;14:47 / 221-32" 32" 31-3 4431541573" 32" 32" 32" 320" 345:444749;5344, 451-3 4516434:44771;7222!627 53(1-3 45)25428:,67 / 2;14: 21-3 4:75@423227542C4:4" 3C11: 2244@244281145 ,: 2:5308, 34: 57335.".#$%3.
855519, 4319, 4345 G()4919, 434- :5 G()445J(JLJL4JL-/ 2433 -/80747798073461C123651515C23%n-3 4%4%5%565 56173560( 235( 260((45 G7145 G62)7'60)(')32/ 24535, 36, 38, 398, 345C1 323343.".#$%'5+KC1 32322. 863434336.".1. L#$%3. 87.L.7. -J.:5 , 1969.2. ". . ', ".@., ".!.25 .. J.5 , 1980 3.(3. . . @ 3,.+4 54. +5544.J.".+. C55.3 45:./3 . J.745 , 1981 3.4. :. -J.:3.5 , 1973..