Константинов Н.А., Лалин В.В., Лалина И.И. - Расчёт статически определимых стержневых систем с использованием SCAD, страница 7

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ(2.3) ɢ (2.3)*, (2.12) ɢ (2.12)* ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɢ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ƚɇ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ.2.5. ȼɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸɟɟ ɇȾɋ ɜɵɹɫɧɹɸɬ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɣ.Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɣ):x 1. ɉɨɞɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ34nnɧ nɭɪ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) (3 n1ɲ )(2.21)ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.x 2.

ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1: n  0 . Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬ.ɤ. ɱɢɫɥɨɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ nɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɤ.ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɟɟ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ.ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.21) ɜɜɢɞɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ n  0 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɧɨɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ.ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2: n 0 . ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬ.ɤ. ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣnɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) ɪɚɜɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3: n ! 0 .

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɱɢɫɥɨɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ nɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɢɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ), ɢɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ (ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ), ɬɨ ɜɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ ɢɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ 1ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ, ɚɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.ȼ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɟɟ ɇȾɋ.Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ35ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯɫɯɟɦɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦ,ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.

1.2. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ.1.2, ɚ)1. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ 1 ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.21) ɢɦɟɟɦ: nɨɩn3 , nɤ0 , nɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) 3 ; n1ɲ0 , nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 ɢ0 . ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯnɧ n1ɲɛɚɥɨɤ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ nɨɩ3 (2.3) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ n0.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɢɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ (2.3)*: ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ.ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɚ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵ.Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ 1 ɢ 2: ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɢɫ.

1.2, ɚ, ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɇɟɪɚɡɪɟɡɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ (ɪɢɫ.1.2, ɛ)1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21): nɨɩnɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 ɢ nnɧ n1ɲ5 , nɤ0 , nɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) 5 ; n1ɲ0,2 ! 0 .. Ɍɪɟɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɹɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟɛɚɥɤɭ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.

Ȼɚɥɤɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ.Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ 1 ɢ 2: ɛɚɥɤɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɒɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ (ɪɢɫ.1.2, ɜ)1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21):. nɨɩnɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 5 ɢ nnɧ n1ɲ5 , nɤ0 , nɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) 5 ; n1ɲ2,0 . ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ.FABCEDɊɢɫ. 2.72. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.7) ɢɥɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ AB ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ36ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɨɦ,ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨɞɢɫɤɚ. Eɋ ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɲɚɪɧɢɪ E ɛɚɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɨɩɨɪɨɣE (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.7).Ⱦɢɫɤ Eɋ , ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɜ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɟ E ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɤɨɦ AB,ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ C .ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɢɫɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɤɚ FD . ɉɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ.

ɂ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɢɫɤ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ. Ȼɚɥɤɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ.Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. Ɋɚɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ 1 ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɝ.1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21): nɨɩ 3 , nɤ 0 , nɧ (ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) 3 ; n1ɲ 0 ,nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 ɢ nnɧ n1ɲ0 . ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ.2.

Ɋɚɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɢɫɤ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɪɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. Ɋɚɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ 2 ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɝ.1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21): nɨɩ 3 3 1 7 , nɤn1ɲ1˜ 4 4 ,nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 4 7ɢnnɧ n1ɲ0 , nɧ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) 7 ;0 . ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ.2.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɦɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ.ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ 2 ɪɚɦɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1.2, ɜ, ɲɚɪɧɢɪɵ A ɢ B ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɤɚɦ-ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.Ⱦɢɫɤɢ AC ɢ BC ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣɞɢɫɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ «ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ» ABC (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɵ 1 – 3 ɧɚɪɢɫ. 2.1, ɝ).ɀɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤ DE ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɦ D (ɞɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ) ɤ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ ɢɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɟ E . Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɤ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ.Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɹ ɪɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ, ɬ.ɟ.ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ.Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɪɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.

Ɋɚɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ 3 ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɝ.1.ȼɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ(2.21):nɨɩ 2 3 5 ,nɤ 1 ,nɧn(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) (5 3) 8 ;nɧ n1ɲ86n1ɲ1 2 3 ,nɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 3 6ɢ2 ! 0 . ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ. Ɋɚɦɚ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɦ ɟɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ.372. ȼ ɫɯɟɦɟ 3 ɪɚɦɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1.2, ɝ ɲɚɪɧɢɪ C ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɫɤɭ. ȾɢɫɤADC ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɟ A ɢɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɜ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɟ C .

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɞɢɫɤ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɦ Cɞɢɫɤɨɦ-ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ DC . Ⱦɟɥɚɟɦ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɦɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ.Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɪɚɦɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7. Ɋɚɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.8, ɚɚOɛEEDCDACABBɊɢɫ. 2.81.nɧȼɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) (5 0) 5 ;n1ɲɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ11 2 ,nɭɪ(2.21):nɨɩ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 2 52 1 2 5 ,ɢnnɤ0,nɧ n1ɲ0.ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ.2.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɤɚ DBE ɦɨɠɧɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ O,ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.8, ɛ).Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 2.4 (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.3).Kɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8. Ɋɚɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.91. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21): nɨɩ 2 1 3 , nɤnɧɢn(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) (3 6) 9 ; n1ɲnɧ n1ɲ5 2 7 , n ɭɪ2,(3 n1ɲ ) 3 7 10D1  0 .ɉɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ. ȿɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ:ɪɚɦɚ ɹɜɧɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ.2.

ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɢɫɤ AȼCE , ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɤɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɤ ɛɭɞɟɬɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ. ȿɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɵɲɟ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ C ɢ E .38EGFECBAɊɢɫ. 2.9Ⱦɢɫɤɢ CDF ɢ DE ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɤɨɦ AȼCE ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ «ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ».ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɧ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ F ɢ E ɦɨɠɟɬɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ.Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ, ɬɪɢ ɢɡɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ – ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɵɦɢɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ.

Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɫɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ,ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɵ 4 ɢ 5 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.1, ɝ).ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 9. Ɍɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɹɠɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɭ 1 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɞ)1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21): nɨɩn ɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 1 4ɢnnɧ n1ɲ0.4 , nɤ0 , nɧȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ(ɩɨɩ 3nɤ )4 ; n1ɲɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ1,ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ.2. Ɍɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɤɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ 1 ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɝ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɚ (ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɚɦɢ ɜ «ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 10.

Ɍɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɤɚ ɫ ɡɚɬɹɠɤɨɣ (ɫɦ. ɫɯɟɦɭ 2 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɞ)1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ (2.21): nɨɩ 3 , nɤ 1 , nɧ (ɩɨɩ 3nɤ ) 6 ; n1ɲn ɭɪ(3 n1ɲ ) 3 3 6ɢnnɧ n1ɲ0.ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ3,ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɦɵ.2. Ɍɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɤɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ 2 ɪɢɫ. 1.2, ɝ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɚ, Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɪɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɚ (ɞɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤ ɜ ɜɢɞɟɡɚɬɹɠɤɢ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɚɦɢ ɜ «ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ» ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɢɫɤɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ.Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɬɪɟɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɚɹ ɚɪɤɚ ɫ ɡɚɬɹɠɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ.2.6. ɉɨɞɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɎɨɪɦɭɥɚ (2.21) ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2.Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɪɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣɫɯɟɦɟ ɮɟɪɦɵ (ɫɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.

1.2,ɟ) ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɣɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɭ.Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɪɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ.ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɦ.ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɭ, ɢɦɟɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɢ,ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɤ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɮɟɪɦɵ, ɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɮɟɪɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ.39Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ i , ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɫɭɡɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɵ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.10), ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ – ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ N i , ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɢɯɲɚɪɧɢɪɚɯ ɧɚ«ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ».Niɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ.ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟɋɬɟɪɠɧɢɫNiɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢNiɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢɫɠɚɬɢɟiɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹNiiɊɢɫ. 2.10Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ nɫ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯɮɟɪɦɵ ɢ nɨɩ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ ɮɟɪɦɵ.