Константинов Н.А., Лалин В.В., Лалина И.И. - Расчёт статически определимых стержневых систем с использованием SCAD

Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɋȺɇɄɌ-ɉȿɌȿɊȻɍɊȽɋɄɂɃȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɉɈɅɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌɂ.Ⱥ. ɄɈɇɋɌȺɇɌɂɇɈȼ ȼ.ȼ. ɅȺɅɂɇ ɂ.ɂ. ɅȺɅɂɇȺɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇȺəɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺɑɚɫɬɶ 1Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCADɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ2008Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸɋȺɇɄɌ-ɉȿɌȿɊȻɍɊȽɋɄɂɃȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɉɈɅɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌɂ.Ⱥ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ ȼ.ȼ. Ʌɚɥɢɧ ɂ.ɂ. ɅɚɥɢɧɚɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺɑɚɫɬɶ 1Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCADɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ2008ɍȾɄ 624.04 (075.8)Ʉ ɨ ɧ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɧ ɬ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɂ.

Ⱥ., Ʌ ɚ ɥ ɢ ɧ ȼ. ȼ. Ʌ ɚ ɥ ɢ ɧ ɚ ɂ. ɂ.ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ. ɑɚɫɬɶ 1. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD.: ɍɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ.ɋɉɛ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 2008. 260 ɫ.ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ» ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ«ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ».ȼ ɧɟɦ ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦ.ɂɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɷɩɸɪ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɩɸɪ.Ⱦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ–Ɇɨɪɚ.Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɢɥ.ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ, ɜɟɱɟɪɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ», ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɭ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ».Ɍɚɛɥ.

24. ɂɥ. 126. Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪ.: 21 ɧɚɡɜ.ɉɟɱɚɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.ɫɨɜɟɬɚɋɚɧɤɬ-ˆ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2008ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɜɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ (ɉɄ) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ(ɉȼɄ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɉȼɄ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɦɢɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ.Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɆɄɗ), ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ.Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ (ɋɆ ɢ Ɍɍ) ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɫɬɚɬɢɤɚ)»; «Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ»; «Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ»ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ SCAD [1].ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɩɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ (ɍɆɄ).ɍɆɄ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ [21] ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ [1 – 6] ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ.ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɍɆɄ ɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ [1 – 6] ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɟhttp://smitu.cef.spbstu.ru ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɋɆ ɢ Ɍɍ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɉɄ ɤɚɮɟɞɪ«ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ» ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ «ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ-ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ» ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ «Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ».ɍɱɟɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ [1, 2, 4, 6].

Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɋɆ ɢ Ɍɍ ɷɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɫɬɚɬɢɤɚ)» ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɑɚɫɬɶ 1», ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ.Ⱦɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɍɆɄ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɱɚɫɬɢ 1 ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɩɨɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦ: [7 – 18], ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɋɆ ɢ Ɍɍ ɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ[19, 20] ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ SCAD.ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɍɆɄ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ,ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɉȽɋ,3ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɜ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɉȼɄ SCAD).ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɤɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ: ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ «ɢɝɪɭ ɫɢɥ» ɜɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ).

Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦɉɄ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɉɄ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɝɪɚɮɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɢɥ ɩɪɢɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.41. ɈȻɓɂȿ ɋȼȿȾȿɇɂə Ɉ ɋɌȿɊɀɇȿȼɕɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɏ1.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ – ɧɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ – ɧɚɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ-ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɇȾɋ) ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ, ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ).ɉɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɇȾɋ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ,ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɇȾɋ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ).Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɛɟɡ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ,ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ.ɐɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ» ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:1.

Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸɇȾɋ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ, ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ).2. ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.3. ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɤɚɥɶɤɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɜ).4.

ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ (ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ (ɉɄ)) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ,5ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ.5. ɍɦɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.1.2. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣɊɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɧɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ:ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ; ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ; ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ.ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢɨɛ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɇȾɋ – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ.Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɇȾɋɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ:1) ɩɨ ɭɱɟɬɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɯɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ;2) ɩɨ ɭɱɟɬɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ.3) ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɇȾɋ ɫɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.1) Ⱦɥɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ:ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯx ɋɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ l ɧɚɞ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ b, h ɟɝɨɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.

1.1, ɚ).ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ«ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ», ɬɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɧɤɢɣɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ h / l (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.1, ɚ). ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ,ɟɫɥɢ h / l  1 / 5 . Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ,ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɶ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɬɨɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ.6Ɋɢɫ. 1.1x ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ (ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ h ) ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ.

Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɩɥɢɬɵ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1, ɛ), ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ.ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɢɬ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.1, ɛ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣɤɪɢɜɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ.x Ɇɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɥɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ.ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɋɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.2) ɂɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɥɵɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ƚɭɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ.

ɦɨɞɟɥɶɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ-ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɬɟɥɚ.ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɇȾɋɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɥ(ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ).ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.ɇɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ.3) ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ ɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ7ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɚɤɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɇȾɋ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ.

ɇɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ.1.3. ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ.ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ),ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ).ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.Ʉ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ,ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɇȾɋ ɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ(ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ), ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ,ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɢɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.Ʉ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɨ.Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɜɫɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɢɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ;ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ;ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɬ.