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NASA Technical Memorandum 110172A MANUAL FOR PYROTECHNIC DESIGN,DEVELOPMENT AND QUALIFICATIONLaurence J. BementLangley Research Center, Hampton, VirginiaMorry L. SchimmelSchimmel Company, St. Louis, MissouriJune 1995National Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationLangley Research CenterHampton, Virginia 23681-0001FOREWORDThe authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of Mr.
Norman R. Schulze, Code Q, NASA Headquarters, who provided the impetus and funding for this manual. Mr. Morry L. Schimmel, the coauthor ofthis paper, had a distinguished career with McDonnell Douglas until 1984 and provided consultantion toLangley Research Center until his death in 1995. Mr. E. R. Lake, Ray Lake Company, St.
Louis,Missouri, contributed to Chapter 5, Initiation Systems/Initiators. This manual has provided the text for a2-day short course taught in conjunction with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA).iTABLE OF CONTENTSChapterPage1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Pyrotechnics Definition, Considerations for Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Pyrotechnic Functional Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Pyrotechnic, Propellant and Explosive Materials as Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Initiation Systems/Initiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Pyrotechnic System Safety . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Test Methods and Functional Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Functional Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449System Approach for Applications of Pyrotechnics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4910Generate Performance-Based Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5111Pyrotechnic Component Design and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5212Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5413Pyrotechnic Shock .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5514Failure Modes and Effects Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5715Installation, Integration and Checkout . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5816Shelf and Service Life Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5917Past Experience and Lessons Learned . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6018Disposal Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Conclusions/Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 68References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiList of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiiiLIST OF TABLESTablePageIMajor Past and Current Pyrotechnic Applications in Aeronautics. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 9IIMajor Past and Current Pyrotechnic Applications in Astronautics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9IIIProperties of a Time-Delay Mix (Formula for D-16, MIL-M-21383) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15IVProperties of a Gas-Generating Material (Hercules Hi-Temp). . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 15VProperties of Boron/Potassium Nitrate (B/KNO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15VIProperties of NASA Standard Initiator (NSI) Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16VIIProperties of Lead Azide . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16VIIIProperties of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16IXEnergy Sensor Performance Data on Test Cartridges . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigurePage1.Cross sectional views of pyrotechnically actuated linear actuators,describing function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.Cross sectional views of pyrotechnically actuated valves, describing function. . . . . . . . . 63.Cross sectional views of pyrotechnically actuated separation nuts,describing function. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.Cross sectional views of explosive and pyrotechnically actuated separationbolts, describing function.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.Cross sectional views of pyrotechnically actuated cutters or guillotines. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 76.Cross sectional views of mild detonating cord (MDC)- actuated severanceand separation approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.Cross sectional views of flexible linear shaped charge (FLSC) severance. . . . . .
. . . . . . . 88.Cross sectional view A-A on right of F-111 crew module severance system. . . . . . . . . . 109.Functional depiction of Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRA) in-flightescape system.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010.Depiction of pyrotechnic devices used on Project Mercury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111.Depiction of pyrotechnic devices used on Project Gemini. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.Depiction of pyrotechnic devices used on the Command Module andescape system, Project Apollo. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213.Depiction of pyrotechnic devices used on the Lunar Excursion Module,Project Apollo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214.Shuttle Transportation System pyrotechnics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315.Cross sectional view of NASA Standard Initiator (NSI).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1916.Views of commercial or military center-fire percussion primers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1917.Cross sectional view of separation plane initiator for Delta Launch Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . 2018.Cross sectional view of rigid explosive transfer line, also called shieldedmild detonating cord (SMDC). . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21iii19.Views of SMDC tip fragment dispersion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2220.Gaps at which SMDC fragments initiated acceptors; donors and acceptors identical.
. . 2321.Cross sectional view of manually operated, explosive transfer safe/arm. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2622.Closed bomb firing and monitoring system.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2923.Typical current versus bridgewire break function time curves to evaluateelectrical initiation characteristics of cartridges. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2924.Typical current versus first pressure indication function time curves toevaluate electrical initiation characteristics of cartridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3025.Typical pressures produced by cartridge firings in a closed bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 3026.Cross sectional view of McDonnell Energy Output Test Fixture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3227.Cross sectional view of NASA LaRC Dynamic Test Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3328.Typical pressure traces recorded and the energies produced in firingcartridges in the Dynamic Test Device.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3429.Cross sectional view of NASA Pin Puller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3530.Typical pressure traces recorded and the energies produced in firingcartridges in the NASA Pin Puller.. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3531.Cross sectional view of NASA LaRC Ignitability Test Method bomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3732.Typical pressure traces produced by the M42C1 and M42C2 percussionprimers in the NASA Ignitability Test Method, using 200 mg of FFGblack powder. . . . . . . . . . . .
