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Describe the action of modern armor*piercing rounds and shellsbased on the principle of kinetic energy transfer.UNIT IIArtillery1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitives.1. There seems to be no solution to your problem. 2. The secretary haslooked everywhere, but the file appears to have been misplaced. 3. Notsurprisingly, such an ambitious program is proving (to be) attractive todefense companies. 4. They happened to know each other very well. 5.

TheGeneral Director is not likely to return before the end of the week. 6. Thefilm star is expected to give a press conference this afternoon. 7. Technologyis known to have made dramatic advance in the past decade. 8. Man is saidto invent the wheel about ten thousand years ago. 9. Global warming is13believed to be a result of man’s activity. 10. This film is supposed to be thebest ever made. 11. Could you let me use your dictionary? 12. The accidentmade the passengers wait at the airport for many hours.

13. A rocket in itssimplest form is a chamber with a gas under pressure. A small opening atone end of the chamber allows the gas to escape, and in doing so providesa thrust that propels the rocket in the opposite direction. 14. A speed of over40,250 km per hour, called escape velocity, enables a rocket to leave Earthand travel out into deep space.

15. Immediately after firing the last round,the vehicle leaves the position to avoid counter battery fire. 16. The rocketseems to have arrived in Europe around 1241.2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to differentmeanings of “since”.1. Kalashnikov automatic rifle (AK) has been used in hundreds ofcountries and conflicts since its introduction. 2. How long is it since theexperiment was stopped? 3. Since the test results were unsuccessful, the labassistant had to repeat it.

4. Since the introduction of computer9guidedweaponry of all kinds, the accuracy has greatly increased. 5. Since the earlydays of mankind weapons have been a sign of human development. 6. It ismost important to be able to carry out each step of the procedure with themaximum of precision since this is the surest means of providing firstround accuracy. 7. Since several launched tubes can be fitted on onemounting, maneuverability of the equipment and the number of projectileswhich can be fired in a short space of time increase.

8. Since accuracy isvery much more difficult to achieve with a rocket than with conventionalartillery shell and the price of a rocket is high, the gun remains a weapon ofvital importance and every effort must be made to improve its performance.9. The nature of destruction has made nuclear missiles essentially uselessfor the smaller wars fought since.3.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to “either” andits combinations.1. There are two journals, you may take either of them. 2. There areindividual boxes located on either side of the turret for equipment storage.3. The smoke grenade launchers are located on either side of the turret.4. The system receives target data via a radio link either while it is on themove or in a covered position. 5. Either the gunner or the commanderoperates the turret control system. 6.

The muzzle velocity can be raisedeither by increasing the length of the tube or raising the interval pressure,or both. 7. The mutual possession of nuclear weapons and the ballistic14missiles by the Soviet Union and the United States ensured that eithernation could inflict terrible damage on the other so terrible that neithernation was willing to initiate direct war with the other.4.

Make up words using the following prefixes: anti* , counter* , self* ,semi* , sub* .Tank, aircraft, ballistic missile, personnel; moving, acting, governing,defense, propelled, destruction, protection, loading; attack, battery,mobility, fire, weight; area, artillery, caliber, group, unit, munitions,contractor, system, sonic; active, armor, automatic, covered.5A. Find synonyms.Famous, continental, hand9held, obsolete, tiny, precise, miss,mount, means of, capabilityVery small; exact, accurate;out9of9date; fit; well known,known widely; power, ability to do,capacity; aids; fail to hit; standard,traditional, ordinary; man9portable5B.

Find antonyms.Inside; above; expensive; light;wide; illuminate; enemy; behind;long; short; rapidNarrow; slow; obscure; long;cheap; ahead of (in front of); slow;outside; friendly; below; heavy6. Memorize the following words:either – любой (из двух)to site – располагать, выбирать местоin case – в случаеto overrun – захватитьto shatter – разбивать вдребезгиto aim – прицеливаться, направлять, нацеливатьto fuse – (зд.) воспламенятьfuse – взрыватель, воспламенитель, запалjagged – неровный, зазубренныйcasualty – потери, подбитое орудиеto inflict – наносить уронproof – недоступный, непроницаемый; испытательный, пробныйto acquire – приобретатьto warn – предупреждать, оповещать15to deflect – отклонятьtiny – очень маленький, мелкийto lag – отставатьprecise – точныйto saturate – насыщатьto pick up – найти, поймать, обнаружить7A.

Look through Text 2A and find the answer for the question “Whatdo gunners use for self*defense?”.7B. Read and translate the text.Text 2AArtilleryTraditional artillery is composed of guns and howitzers. The differenceis the length of gun tube. Guns have longer tubes to fire longer ranges,howitzers are shorter. Most modern artillery is “gun9howitzers”, whichare halfway between categories and able to serve in either role.

In all casesthe guns are sited miles behind the front line. Modern artillery is mountedon a tracked chassis, so they can quickly move after firing. Most guns alsoare protected with light armor to protect the weapon and crew in case they’recaught by counterbattery fire (enemy artillery fire aimed at them) or overrunby mechanized infantry.Artillery normally fires high explosive shells. These shells have casingsdesigned to shatter into hundreds of jagged steel fragments (“shrapnel”).Shells can be fused to explode above the ground (“air bursts”) or on contact(“ground bursts”).

In either case, the shrapnel almost always inflicts moredamage than the explosion. In fact, artillery shrapnel caused between 70 %and 90 % of all battlefield casualties in World War II! The original reasonfor APCs (Armored Personnel Carrier) and IFVs (Infantry FightingVehicle) was to protect infantry from artillery, allowing them to advancethrough artillery fire, riding inside an armored vehicle that was proof againstshrapnel.Special Artillery Rounds.

Most artillery carries a small number of HEATrounds for self9defense against armored vehicles. In addition, modernartillery can fire laser9guided shells that fall onto targets illuminated byinfantrymen and spotters using hand9held lasers. The most famous of theseare the “Copperhead” rounds used by the US Army.16Laser9guided shells have numerous problems. First, each shell is quiteexpensive, making them in short supply. Second, shells sometimes don’tpick up the laser, especially in bad weather, and therefore automaticallymiss.

Finally, the enemy can use smoke screens to deflect and “fool” thelaser, which automatically throws the shell off course. This last tactic ismore common as vehicles acquire laser warning systems.Western artillery also uses “submunition” rounds whose warheads crackopen (разбиваться) a few hundred feet above the ground. Some warheadscarry tiny explosive bomblets, others small self9forging armor9penetratingmissiles, and yet others have tiny mines. This ammunition is proving moreand more effective, although most of the types now available are “firstgeneration” experiments that aren’t always reliable or effective.

Russiantechnology lags behind the West in this area, since submunitions requiretiny, precise design and manufacturing made possible by computers.Rocket Artillery is a special variation of regular artillery, first used inmass by the Russian Army during WWII (the famous “Katyusha”, or“Stalin’s Organ” launchers). A battery of rocket launchers can fire dozensof 220–227 mm rockets in a single volley, while a battery of artillery onlyfires eight 152–155 mm shells.

The rockets arrive with a terrifying screamand saturate an area hundreds of meters with explosions and shrapnel. Thelatest generation of rockets and launchers are larger than standard artillery,and therefore well suited to submunition warheads.7C.

Memorize the following key terms:howitzer – гаубицаhigh explosive shell – осколочно9фугасный снарядburst – разрыв снарядаspotter – корректировщик огняsubmunition – вспомогательное военное снаряжениеrocket launcher – пусковая установка; реактивный гранатометvolley – залпtrack – гусеницаtracked – на гусеничном ходуbomblet – бомба малого калибраself9forging missile – фугасный подкалиберный снаряд8.