by-samsonova-l_s_-skubrieva-a_i_-obuchenie-chte-2897500-_z-lib_org (Методичка для подготовки к экзамену для СМ6), страница 2

It is finding its wayabroad in the T972.AutoCannonsLarge cannons must be loaded one shell at a time. Loading can take 5 to10 seconds depending on the size of shell and the position of theammunition and loader in relation to the breech, for a rate of fire of 6 to12 rounds a minute.Auto9cannons reload automatically, using a belt or clip like a machine9gun.

This increases their rate of fire to hundreds of rounds per minute. Ofcourse, autocannons are limited to smaller sizes, and even then the loadingmechanisms and ammunition bins can be huge. For example, the AmericanM163A2 PIVADS has a six9barrelled 20 mm autocannon mounted on itsroof. It has an 11009round linkless belt feed attached to the gun, and a spare10009round belt carried inside. This massive amount of ammo is sufficientfor just 42 seconds of firing against aircraft, since in its designed role as AAgun the 20 mm shoots 3000 rounds per minute!Chain GunsTraditional auto9cannons reload from the recoil or blowback of theprevious round, just like a machine9gun. And just like a machine9gun, if around is a dud or misfires, there isn’t sufficient recoil or gas to clear theshell and reload the gun, causing a jam.

The “chain gun” was created tosolve this problem. Chain guns use a separate electric motor to pull theammunition belt through the gun breech. If a shell doesn’t fire, no problem,the motor just pulls that round out and pulls a new one in. Jams are stillpossible, but the frequency is greatly reduced. Chain guns cannot fire asfast as traditional automatic weapons, but the lower rate of fire is sometimes7an advantage in conserving ammo.

The US Army uses a 25 mm ChainGun in the turret of its M2 and M3 vehicles, and a 30 mm gun on its AH964A attack helicopter.40006C. Try to memorize as many key terms as possible:bore – канал ствола, калибр оружияsmoothbore – гладкоствольный (об оружии)barrel – ствол, дуло (оружия)rate of fire – скорострельностьbullet – пуляmachine9gun – пулеметarmor9piercing – бронебойныйrifle – нарез, винтовкаrifled9gun – нарезное орудиеgroove – нарез, паз, вырезfin – стабилизаторammunition – боеприпасыbreech – казенная часть стволаclip – захват, зажим, звено пулеметной лентыshell – снарядto clear – разрядить оружие, удалить снарядlink – звеноlinkless belt – патронная лента без звеньевbin – бункерround – выстрел, комплект выстрела, патрон, снарядdud – неразорвавшийся снарядrecoil = blowback – откат, отдачаjam – заклиниваниеchain gun – автоматическая скорострельная авиационная пушка(с цепным электроприводом)turret – башняto load – зарядитьloader – заряжающийcannon – артиллерийское орудиеautomatic cannon – малокалиберная автоматическая пушкаfeed – подача (патронов)belt feed – ленточная подача патроновweapon – оружие, вооружение87.

Answer the following questions.1. What types of guns do you know? 2. What does the term “caliber”mean? 3. Is there any difference in loading large cannons and auto cannon?What is it? 4. Which of the guns is most efficient? Why? 5. What is theprincipal difference of smoothbore guns from other types of guns? 6. Whenare smoothbore guns commonly used? 7. How does the chain gun operate?8.

Is a chain gun more efficient than a traditional automatic weapon? Whatmakes it more efficient?8A. Replace the prepositional phrases by word combinations.For example:the grooves of (in) the barrel → the barrel grooves;the stability of flight → the flight stability;the stability of a shell in flight → the shell flight stability;a round which is capable of piercing armor → an armourpiercing round;the firing range which is preferred → the preferred firing range;a 20 mm autocannon equipped with six barrels → a sixbarrelled 20 mmautocannon.The variations of temperature →; the bins of (with) ammunition →;the tube of a gun →; the support by means of fire →; the strength of thearmour of the tank →.8B. Translate the following word combinations.Ammunition belt; hot expanding gas; heavy armored cars; gun breechstrength; enemy rocket launchers; infantry anti9armor weapon; low velocityartillery9type cannon; large9caliber high velocity guns; modern highvelocity tank guns; an 11009round linkless belt feed.9A.

Translate the following words paying attention to suffixes.Simple, simplicity, simplify, simplification; military, militarist,militarism; effect, effective, effectiveness; numerical, numerous, numerate,numeration; common, commonly, commonality; rely, reliable, reliability;possible, possibility; measure, measurable, measurably, measurement;previous, previously, prevision; extreme, extremely, extremist, extremity;total, totally, totality; legend, legendary; form, formal, formality, formation;product, production, productivity, productive; introduce, introduction,introductory.99B.

Use the words on the right to form a word that fits in the space.Use a proper suffix.The Kalashnikov assault rifle, also known under commonlythe (1) … name of AK, is the most prolific smallarm of the 2nd half of the XX century. It had beenand still is (in more or less modified (2) …) formalmanufactured in dozens of countries and used in introducehundreds of conflicts since its (3) … .

The (4) … totalitynumber of AK9type rifles made worldwide during legendthe last 50 years is estimated at over 90 million. This extremely, simpleis a true (5) … weapon known for its (6) … reliable, possibilityruggedness, (7) … of operation and maintenance, product, militaristunsurpassed (8) … even in the worst conditions (9) numerical… and suitability for mass (10) … .

It is used not only previousas a (11) … weapon, but also as a basis for (12) … effect, effectivesporting civilian rifles and shotguns. The AK measurementincorporated many of (13) … known features andsolutions, combined in the most (14) … way. The(15) .., however, depends on the criteria used to(16) … it.9C. Translate the above text without a dictionary.10A. Read and translate Text 1B. The words to help you:to degrade – ослаблять, снижать, разрушатьto sneak up – подкрадываться, подбиратьсяvulnerable – уязвимыйto wobble – колебаться, вихлять, вилятьto miss – промахиваться, не достигать целиto prefer – предпочитатьrange – расстояние, дальность, диапазонescort – охрана, конвой, прикрытиеto lack – не иметь, испытывать недостатокportable – переносной, передвижнойto penetrate – проникать вовнутрь, проходить сквозьto eliminate – устранять, исключатьto button up – закрыть(ся), запереть(ся)team – команда; экипаж; группа (боевая); бригада10Text 1BInfantry WeaponsTraditional infantry weapons include rifles, machine9guns, mortars andgrenades.

None of these weapons has sufficient explosive power to hurt anarmored fighting vehicle (AFV). In fact, tank and other AFV armor isdesigned to stop standard infantry weapons. Otherwise an AFV isn’t muchbetter than a truck!Rocket LaunchersMan9portable rockets with HEAT warheads have been a common anti9tank weapon since the “bazooka” and “panzerfaust” of late World War II.However, the strength of tank armor has grown much faster than the size ofthese rockets, making them less and less effective and now doubly ineffectivebecause composite and reactive armors degrade the HEAT warhead.Infantrymen are no fools.

They use their LAW (American) or RPG(Russian) rockets by sneaking up and firing into vulnerable spots, such asthe rear. Here the rocket could penetrate and do serious damage. Firingfrom a tall building, tree or cliff onto the thinner top decks of a tank is alsoeffective. The major weakness of infantry rockets is their inaccuracy. After50 to 100 yards most rockets wobble or sway in the wind, often missing thetank entirely. Preferred firing range is 10 to 20 meters.

Tanks defend againstinfantry rockets by having an infantry escort. The friendly infantryeliminates enemy rocket launchers, while the tank provides cover and firesupport to the infantry. This “team” tactic, developed during WWII, is stillextremely popular. Some tanks even have telephones on their rear, allowingthe infantry escort to talk to the crew while both remain under cover (theinfantry behind the tank, the crew buttoned up inside the tank). The M60has this feature, but unfortunately the Ml lacks it.170010B. Memorize the following key terms:mortar – минометgrenade – гранатаHEAT – High9explosive anti9tank – противотанковый бризант9ный снарядrocket9launcher – реактивный противотанковый гранатометLAW (light anti9tank weapon) – легкая противотанковая ракетаinfantry – пехота, боевая частьwarhead – боеголовка, снаряд1111А.

Read and translate Text 1C. The words to help you:destructive – разрушительныйto punch through – пробивать отверстиеto survive – выжить, выстоятьto spin (span, spun) – вращатьсяultimate – последний, конечныйto expand – расширятьonce (союз) – когда, как только, еслиText 1СWarheads & Armor PenetrationKinetic Energy & “Sabot” ShellsAll cannons operate on the same general principle. A shell and anexplosive charge are placed in the bottom of a long, strong gun tube. Thebase of the tube is closed off, but the muzzle is left open.

The explosivecharge creates a hot, expanding gas. This pushes the shell out the muzzle ofthe barrel at a high rate of speed. Modern high9velocity tank guns havea muzzle velocity of 1,000 to 2,000 meters/ second. The “old fashioned”1940s and 50s armor9piercing shell for such cannons had a very strongnose. It was designed to hit armor with sufficient force to punch through tothe inside and explode the small charge at the base of its armored nose.Then ballistic research showed that the fragmenting armor and nose9conewere far more destructive than the explosive following behind.

In otherwords, the damage was done by kinetic energy transfer from shell to armor.As a result, modern armor piercing rounds are made entirely of a super9hard metal, with no interior explosive charge. When it penetrates, bits ofbroken armor, plus what parts of the shell survive penetration; go flyingaround inside the tank, ruining equipment and crewmen. More researchand creative thinking resulted in the ultimate armor9piercing round:“discarding sabot”. This multi9piece round is assembled around a long,narrow “bolt” of very hard, dense metal. The bolt is surrounded by a multi9piece “sabot” so it can be mounted in the front of the shell casing. Whenthe gun fires, the charge in the casing explodes, pushing the sabot9and9boltpair down the barrel.

The sabots fall apart once they are outside the muzzle,so the bolt alone flies onward at an extremely high speed. Originally Sabotrounds were fired from rifled cannons with groves that spun the sabots andthe bolt (which had no fins). Most modern tank guns are smoothbores, sothe bolts have small fins for flight stability.12Bolts are usually made of a tungsten alloy (such as tungsten carbide),which is harder than steel. However, the US Army is now introducingbolts with a depleted uranium (“DU”) core. This material is about 2.5 timesdenser than steel, so it concentrates greater power at the point of penetration.A metal jacket on the bolt stops the slight radioactivity from the depleteduranium.229211B. Memorize the following key terms:sabot – поддон, подкалиберный снарядdiscarding sabot – отделяющийся поддонto hit – поражать цель, попадатьto fragment – раздробить на осколкиmuzzle velocity – начальная скоростьto discard – сбрасывать, отбрасыватьgun tube – труба ствола орудияshell casing – орудийная гильзаmultipiece – составнойkinetic energy transfer – передача кинетической энергииcasing = jacket – кожух, оболочкаdepleted uranium – обедненный уранcore – сердечник снарядаshaped charge – кумулятивный снарядbolt – (зд.) подкалиберный боеприпас11C.