ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ (И. В. Орловская, Л. С. Самсонова, А. И. Скубриева - Учебник английского языка), страница 7

advancement (продвижение вперед, прогресс), investment (капиталовложение), measurement (измерение), achievement (достижение), improvement (улучшение), fulfillment (выпол­нение).

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Упражнение 25. Переведите слова с префиксом re-.

rename, reopen, renew, renewable, non-renewable, renewal.

Упражнение 26. Найдите среди следующих слов:

а) антонимы

slowly, old, at present, small, quickly, in the past, new, large;

б) синонимы

tremendous, epoch, realize, several, work, progress, great, field, era, understand, make it possible, different, achieve, some, advance, enable, area, various, reach, essential, job, important.

Упражнение 27. Составьте предложения, пользуясь словами и выраже­ниями из таблицы.

Упражнение 28. Придумайте предложения со следующими глагола­ми-сказуемыми :

is changing, was changing, will be changing, are becoming, will be developing, are being introduced, was being solved.

Упражнение 29. Раскройте скобки.

A. When Peter was a child, he had two drawing books. One of
them was (large) than the other. His elder brother bought the
(large) one for him. Peter liked it (well) because the drawings in it
were (large) and simple. He drew something every day. Each new
day his drawing was (good) than the one he had made the day be­
fore. The last page was much (good) than the first one.

B. After graduating from the institute Mike went to Siberia to a
small industrial town. It was (difficult) for him to begin his work as
an engineer than he thought that it would be. He moved to (impor­
tant) city than the first one. He was not (successful) there than be­
fore, however, and sometimes he was even (unhappy). However, he
was (happy) about one thing, he was becoming a (useful) specialist.

C. New York is the (large) city in the US. Perhaps, with all its
suburbs (пригород), it is the (large) city in the world. It is one of

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the (important) industrial cities in the country. Some of the (old) and historic buildings are there. Some of the buildings in New York City are the (high) buildings in the whole world. New York City is not only the (large) city in the US; it is also the (important) indus­trial center. Perhaps, the (expensive) office buildings in the world are there. It has the (great) number of factories, the (large) banks and post offices. It sends out many letters and receives the (heavy) mail bags. It is truly the (important) business city.

Упражнение 30. Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его.

The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest —- 29,002 feet high. The largest ocean is the Pacific having a total area of 63,986,000 square miles. The Atlantic Ocean, the next largest, is only 31,530,000 square miles, the Indian Ocean with 28,350,000 square miles comes third. The longest river is the Nile which is more than 4,000 miles longer or about twice the distance by air from London to Beirut. The biggest island is Greenland which be­longs to Denmark and is about 840,000 square miles in extent. The largest lake is the Caspian Sea. Geographers consider it as a lake because it is not connected with any of the great oceans. It has an area of about 170,000 square miles. Which is the deepest sea? So far, as we know at present the greatest depth is in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines and goes down to 37,000 feet, which is much more than the height of Everest. The biggest volcano is in Ecuador, South America. It is still active and 19,612 feet high. There is an­other one between Argentina and Chile and it is more than 3,000 feet higher.

Упражнение 31. Напишите существительные в единственном числе.

cities, countries, societies, universities, technologies, lorries, industries, dictionaries, territories, theories, communities.

Упражнение 32. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

grown, stand, dealing, brought, knew, making, send, found, thought, spending.

Упражнение 33. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря,

It is difficult for mankind to predict (предсказать) changes in the environment accurately. It is known that natural changes in weather and climate may have more catastrophic global effects than human activity. But scientists are developing a new concept

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that can help make such prediction more accurately. It is based on our understanding that the Earth is an integral system. Its parts — oceans, atmosphere, land or life — cannot be understood in isola­tion to predict changes in the most accurate way. Modern scientific and technological progress made it possible to use new technolo­gies for that purpose. That satellites can control physical, chemical, biological and geological changes on a global scale is well-known now. One must also know that the study of environmental problems with the help of satellites is becoming international. Russia, the US, France, Japan, Canada, India, China and Italy are planning to send their satellites in both polar and geostationary orbits.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer*the questions according to the example:

What is one of the most important problems for mankind now? (the problem of pol­lution and ecology).

The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important problems for mankind now.

1. What problem is becoming a global problem? (the problem of air and water pollution). 2. What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological ad­vance, good will and large investments). 3. What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on? (the the­ory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global pro­cesses). 4. What factors are slowly changing the global climate and water balance? (the growth of population, industrialization and use of resources). 5. What actions are necessary to take to deal success­fully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world? (planning, developing international programs to study ecological data, joint efforts of scientists and special public organi­zations).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. At present one of the most important problems for mankind

2. The rivers, seas and oceans

3. That purifying air, water and soil is changing from a national to a global problem

1. are becoming seriously pol­luted by industry.

2. are successfully being carried out on a global scale.

3. it is possible to eliminate air and water pollution by planned actions of human society as a whole.

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1. Therefore, it is necessary 4. is evident to all.

2. Scientists expect that 5. to take measures to safeguard

natural resources and the envi­ronment on a global scale.

6. Large-scale experiments in 6. is that air and water pollution
this area is reaching very large propor­
tions.

Exercise 3. Read and learn.

Rita: Did you have a nice weekend?

Mary: Yes, I did. I was tired of watching television, going to parties, to the movies and so on. John and I decided to go to Pennsyl­vania University to take part in the discussion on environmen­tal problems.

R.: Oh, really! How unusual! That must have been interesting.

M.: Yes, it was. There were a lot of scientists and politicians. Have you heard about such a firm called «Sanyo»?

R.: Certainly. It is well known for its electronics.

M.: It's one of the first companies to make products that don't pollute the environment.

R.: Oh, my father told us about new heating systems made by this company. They use clean and safe technology.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most im­portant problems for mankind.

2. Ecological problems in your home town, especially the prob­lem of air pollution.

Use exercise 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to become polluted by industry and transport; to reach high level; to develop a program of purifying air in industrial centers; to take necessary measures; for eliminating pollution; new technologies; make it possible; successfully.

Exercise 5. Read and smile.

One evening Rutherford entered the laboratory. It was late, but he found one of his students working with some apparatus. «What are you doing here so late?» Rutherford asked. «I'm working, sir,» was the answer. «And what do you do in the day time?» «Oh, I work, of course, sir,» answered the student. «Do you work early in the morning, too?»

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«Yes, professor, I work early in the morning, too,» said the stu­dent, quite sure that the famous scientist would praise (хвалить) him.

Rutherford looked at him gloomily (мрачно).

«Tell me,» he asked with irritation (раздражение), «when do you think?»

Text 2B

Прочитайте текст. Укажите отрицательные стороны научно-техническо­го прогресса. Приведите примеры экологической ситуации в Вашем городе.

Pollution

The British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more and more worried (беспокоиться) about their environment. Here are some of the environmental problems that they face.

As the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.

The air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic (транспорт, движение) and industry. The number of cars and lor­ries is growing all the time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside (сельская местность). Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse. Water pollution has become a serious problem in many British rivers. People living near airports suffer from the noise of increas­ingly larger and more powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.

Text 2C

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о результатах исследова­ния, проведенного Всемирной организацией здравоохранения.

Ecological Problems of Big Cities

There are over 150 supercities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become supercities.

People in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban (городской) climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.

Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to pro­tect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years.

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It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (S0₂) in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.

In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most con­siderable level of C0₂ in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santi­ago and Sao Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating of houses. One can also mention (упоминать) Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.

Text 2D

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о достопримечательностях современного Лондона.

London, its History and Development

It is known that the area around London was inhabited (населять) by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military camp there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about 1 square mile where the Romans built their fortifications corre­sponds approximately to today present City of London. London was the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the Romans left Britain, London became less important and suffered greatly from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First in the 12th century that London finally became the capital of England. In the 16th century London, with its 500,000 inhabit­ants, was the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the First in the 17th century England dominated the oceans and be­came the Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and literature flowered, especially in London. Over the centuries Lon­don became the centre of a constantly growing empire. The em­pire reached its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. In­dustrialization and the expansion of international trade brought London power, growth and cultural and economic development. In the First and Second World Wars London was ruined consider­ably.

Some 9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and the city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the largest of the world's capitals. One reason for its size is that the English people like to live in small houses and have small gardens. As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while

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more than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today London is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the Royal Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and scientific institutions.