VDV-1406 (Нэйтивизм в общественно-политической жизни США на исходе XIX столетия), страница 8

Преступность и неграмотность, гетто и трущобы, большой процент психически больных, отсутствие гражданской активности—все это убеждало Холла в том, что иммигранты—«плохое сырье для производства граждан».¹⁸⁵ Отсюда следовал вывод: как можно скорее предотвратить сползание американской нации в расовый хаос и вырождение. Лозунгом дня становилось сохранение чистоты американской расы.

1 Кислова А.Я. Религия и церковь в общественно-политической жизни США первой половины XIX века. М. 1979. С.112.

2 Шлепаков А.Н., Смирнова Л.А. “Похищение умов” в прошлом и настоящем. Москва, 1983. С. 13.

3 Dictionary of America History, ed. James T. Adams, 2nd ed. V.4. NY, 1940. S.v. Nativism; Webster’s Third New Dictionary of the English Language. V.2. Chicago, 1981. P.1506; The Oxford English Dictionary. V.7. Oxford, 1978. P.34; The Short Oxford English Dictionary of Historical Principles, ed. C.T. Onions, 3d ed. Oxford, 1973. P.1386.

4 И в дальнейшем в работе под словами “коренное население”, “коренные американцы” и т.д. понимаются родившиеся в стране, а не индейское население США.

5 Katenberg W. H. The Irony of Identity: An Essay on Nationalism, Liberal Democracy, and Parochial Identities in Canada and the United States // American Quarterly. V. 47 (September 1995). P. 495.

6 Higham J. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. N.Y., 1977. P.4.

7 Cordasco F. Dictionary of American Immigration History. Metuchen, N.J., 1990. P.551.

8 Higham J. Strangers in the Land. P.4; Idem. The Strange Career of 'Strangers in the Land' // American Jewish History. V. 76 (1986). P. 224.

9 Kraut A. M. The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880-1921. Arlington Heights (Ill.), 1982. P.150.

10 Богина Ш.А. Иммигрантское население США. Л. 1971. С.231.

11 Tyler A. F. Freedom's Ferment: Phases of American Social History to 1860. Minneapolis, 1944. P. 351; См. также: Billington R.A. The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860. N.Y., 1939.

12 Higham J. The Strange Career of ‘Strangers in the Land’. P. 217.

13 Higham J. Strangers in the Land. P. 4.

14 Higham J. The Construction of American History // The Reconstruction of American History. N.Y., 1962. P. 22-24.

15 Glazer N., Moynihan D. Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto-Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge (Mass.), 1963.

16 Gordon M. Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origin. N.Y., 1964. P. 132-154.

17 Murray R. Red Scare: A Study of National Hysteria, 1919-1920. Minneapolis, 1955. Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 82-93.

18 Coben S. A Study of Nativism: The American Red Scare, 1919-1920 // Political Science Quarterly. V. 79 (1964). P. 35-75.

19 Holt M. F. The Politics of Impatience: The Origins of Know-Nothingism // Journal of American History. V. 60 (1973). P. 309-331.

20 Hayes S. P. The Social Analysis of American Political History, 1880-1920 // Political Science Quarterly. V. 80 (1965); Hayes S. P. History as Human Behavior // Iowa Journal of History. V. 58 (1960). P. 193-206; Kousser J. M. The New Political History: A Methodological Critique // Reviews in American History. V. 4 (1976). P. 1‑14; Lichtman A. Political Realignment and 'Ethnocultural' Voting in Late Nineteenth-Century America // Journal of Social History. V. 16 (1983). P. 55-82; Benson L. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Princeton, 1961; Jensen R. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896. Chicago, 1971; McSeveny S. T. The Politics of Depression: Political Behavior in the Northeast, 1893-1896. N.Y., 1972; Luebcke F. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880-1900. Lincoln, 1969; McCormick R. L. Ethno-Cultural Interpretation of American Voting Behavior // Political Science Quarterly. V. 89 (1974). P. 351-377; Swierenga R. D. Ethno-Cultural Political Analysis: A New Approach to American Ethnic Studies // Jewish American Studies. V. 5 (1971). P. 59-79; McSeveny S. T. Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Conflict, and Recent Quantitative Research in American Political History // International Migration Review. V. 7 (1973). P. 14-23, etc.

21 Formisano R The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861. Princeton, 1971. P. 166.

22 См. также: Holt M. Forging a Majority: The Formation of a Republican Party in Pittsburgh, 1848-1860. Princeton, 1971.

23 Gleason P. American Identity and Americanization // Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. S. Thernstrom. Cambridge (Mass.), 1990. P. 31-58.

24 Ibid. P. 35.

25 Benson L. The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case. Princeton, 1961. P. 214.

26 Подробнее об этом, например, см.: Elson R. M. Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the 19th Century. Lincoln, 1964.

27 Berquist J. M. The Concept of Nativism in Historical Study since 'Strangers in the Land' // American Jewish History. V. 76 (1986). P. 139.

28 Higham J. Current Trends in the Study of Ethnicity in the United States // Journal of American Ethnic History. V. 2 (1982). P.9.

29 См. вступление к сборнику эссе: Ignatieff M. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. N.Y., 1993.

30 Katerberg W. H. Op. Cit. P. 497.

31 Ibid. P. 514.

32 Wiebe R. H. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. N.Y., 1967. P. 12.

33 Kirkland E. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Pulic Policy, 1860-1897. N.Y., 1961. P. 325-26.

34 Brody D. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era. Cambridge (Mass.), 1960. Preface.

35 См., например: Clark V. C. History of Manufacturers in the United States. 3 vols. N.Y., 1929. Vol. 2. P. 447-48.

36 Brody D. Op.Cit. P. 2-26.

37 Brody D. Op.Cit. P. 27.

38 Об этом см.: Boulding K. The Organizational Revolution: A Study in the Ethics of Economic Organization. N.Y., 1953.

39 Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 214.

40 Hays S. P. The Response to Industrialism: 1885-1914. Chicago, 1957. P. 48-71

41 Ibid. P. 44.

42 Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 38-56.

43 Jaher F. C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism // The Age of Industrialism in America: Essays in Social Structure and Cultural Values. Ed. by F.C. Jaher. N.Y., 1968. P. 209-211.

* The Historical Statistics of the United States. Part 1. Series C 91-101. Immigrants by Country: 1820 to 1970. P. 105-106.

44 Briggs V. M. Immigration Policy and American Labor Force. Baltimore, 1984. P. 32.

* The Historical Statistics of the United States. Part 1. Series C 91-101. Immigrants by Country: 1820 to 1970. P. 105-106.

* The Historical Statistics of the United States. Part 1. Series C 130-136. Immigrants by Major Occupation Group: 1820 to 1970. P. 111.

45 Brody D. Op.Cit. P. 120.

46 Об истории американского города в этот период см. обзорную работу: Mohl R. A. The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920. Arlington Heights (Ill.), 1985.

47 Twelfth Census of the United States. 1900. Vol. 1. Population. Part 1. Washington, D.C., 1901. P. cx.

48 Подробнее об этом см. в книге Аллана Краута.

49 Mann A. Gompers and the Irony of Racism // Antioch Review. V. 13 (June 1953). P. 208-12.

50 Ibid. P. 213-14.

51 Hofstadter R. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR. N.Y., 1955. P. 61-88.

52 Ibid. P. 88.

53 The Cyclopedia of Fraternities. 2^nd ed. N.Y., 1907. P. 290-309.

54 Ibid. P. 311.

55 Ibid. P. 313-315.

56 Ibid. P. 301, 316.

57 Lipset S.M., Rabb E. The Politics of Unreason: Right Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970. N. Y., 1970. P. 82.

58 Curran T. J., Xenophobia and Immigration, 1820-1930. Boston, 1975. P. 94; Davies W. E. Patriotism on Parade: The Story of Veterans’ and Hereditary Organizations in America. Cambridge (Mass.), 1955. P. 295; Dearing M. R. Veterans in Politics: The Story of the GAR. Baton Rouge, 1952. P. 408.

59 The Cyclopedia of Fraternities. P. 213, 292, 309, 310 ff.

60 Kinzer. Op.Cit., P.56-57.

61 Ibidem.

62 Принятое в американской литературе название представителей элиты из Новой Англии.

63 Jaher F.C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism. P. 197.

64 To F.S. Simpson, August 15, 1880 // Barrett Wendell and His Letters. P. 47.

65 Цит. по: Jaher F.C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism. P. 199.

66 Ibidem.

67 Jaher F.C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism. P. 200; Norton to L. Stephen, January 8, 1896 // Letters of Charles Eliot Norton. Vol. II. P. 236-37; To E.L. Godkin, July 21, 1900 // Ibid., II. P. 293-294.

68 Jaher F.C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism. P. 203.

69 Jaher F.C. The Boston Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism. P. 206.

70 To R. Grant, September 29, 1886 // Barrett Wendell and His Letters. P. 66.

71 To R. Tompson, December 17, 1893 // Barrett Wendell and His Letters. P. 108-109.

72 To R. Tompson, February 3, 1893 // Barrett Wendell and His Letters. P. 107-108.

73 Kelly R. The Cultural Pattern of American Politics: The First Century. N.Y., 1979. P. 266, 269, 270; Solomon B. M. The Intellectual Background of the Immigration Restriction Movement in New England // New England Quarterly. V. 25 (1952). P. 47-59. См. стр. 57-58.

74 Цит. по: Strout C. The American Image of the Old World. N.Y., 1963. P. 141, 144-146.

75 Цит. по: Ibid. P. 145.

76 To Sir R. White-Thompson, April 4, 1898 // Barrett Wendell and His Letters. P. 120.

77 To Sir R. White-Thompson, September 12, 1898 // Barrett Wendell and His Letters. P. 122.

78 Higham J. Origins of Immigration Restriction, 1882-1897: A Social Analysis // Mississippi Valley Historical Review. V. 39 (1952). P. 84.

79 Gossett T. S. Race: The History of an Idea in America. Dallas, 1963. P.58-60.

80 Ibid. P.60-81.

81 Squire S. An Enquiry into the Foundation of the English Constitution; or, An Historical Essay upon the Anglo-Saxon Government both in Germany and England. London, 1745; Turner S. The History of the Anglo-Saxons, from Their First Appearance above the Elbe, to the Death of Egbert. London, 1799; Palgrave F. The Rise and Progress of English Commonwealth, 2 vols. London, 1832; Kemble J. M. The Saxons in England. London, 1849.

82 Bancroft G. The History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent. Boston, 1860.

83 Motley J. L, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, A History. N.Y., 1855; William Hickling Prescott: Representative Selections with Introduction, Bibliography, and Notes. N.Y., 1943; Lieber F. On Civil Liberty and Government Philadelphia, 1859; Francis Parkman: Representative Selections, ed. William L. Schramm. N.Y., 1938.

84 Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.101-102.

85 Ibid. P. 105.

86 Adams H. B. The Germanic Origin of New England Towns // John Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. V. 1 (1883) Section 2. P. 5-38.

87 Burgess J. Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, 2 vols. Boston, 1890. V.1. P.33, 37-38. Хорошим свидетельством его расистских воззрений является речь в Кельне 1906 г., см. Burgess J. W. Reminiscences of an American Scholar. N.Y., 1966. P. 381-400.

88 Dyer T. G. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. Baton Rouge, 1980. P.19, 168.

89 Ibid. P. 14.

90 Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.115-117

91 Анализ взглядов известных историков на эту тему см. в: Saveth E. N., American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875-1925. N.Y., 1965.

92 Цит. по: Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P. 95.

93 Dyer T. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. P. 23.

94 Dyer T. Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race. P. 29.

95 Commons J. R. Races and Immigrants in America. N.Y., 1907. P. 12.

96 Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P. 145.

97 Об этом он пишет в: Spencer H. The Man Versus the State. N.Y., 1884.

98 Цит по: Youmans E. L., ed., Herbert Spencer on the Americans, and the Americans on Herbert Spencer. N.Y., 1883. P.19-20.

99 Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.152; Spencer H, Principles of Sociology. N.Y., 1890-96. V.2, part 3. P.584-85; Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, ed. David Duncan. N.Y., 1908. V. 1. P.380-81. V.2. P. 121, 135-36, 190.

100 Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.153.

101 Ibid. P.154.

102 Sumner W. G. The Challenge of Facts and Other Essays. N.Y., 1914. P.302‑3.

103 Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.154.

104 Galton F. Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development. 2nd ed. London, 1951. Introduction.

105 Galton F. Hereditary Genuis: An Inquiry Into its Laws and Consequencies. 3d ed. London, 1914. P. 413.

106 Himmelfarb G, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution, 2nd edition. N.Y., 1962. P.402.

107 Galton F. Hereditary Genuis: An Inquiry Into its Laws and Consequencies. P. 392.

108 Ibid. P. 398, 413.

109 См., например: Bell A. G. How to Improve the Race.// Journal of Heredity. V..5 (January 1914).

110 Цит. по: Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.159.

111 Об их взглядах см.: Gossett T. Race: The History of an Idea in America. P.160 ff.

112 Барбара Соломон заметила, что в 1850-х годах бостонцы не поддерживали «ннезнаек», в то время как последние не предлагали ограничить иммиграцию. Solomon B. M. The Intellectual Background of the Immigration Restriction Movement in New England. P. 48.

113 Heald M. Business Attitudes Toward European Immigration, 1880–1900 // Journal of Economic History. V. 13, 1953. P.291-304.

114 Ibid. P. 303.

115 Boston Clothing Trade Advisory Board. Some Facts of Interest to Boston Clothing Merchants. Boston, 1889 // Immigration Restriction League. Newspapers Clippings, Collected by the Immigration Restriction League Related to Immigration. MD, HL, HU. Исследование представителей бостонских представителей отрасли посвящено «потогонным» мастерским Нью-Йорка. Цифры, подтверждающие уменьшение отрасли более чем в два раза и ее уход на второй план см. в: United States. Twelfth Census. 1900. Manufacture. Part 1. Wash., 1901. P. cclxxxv-vi, Table XVII; P. ccxxxviii-iv, Table XVIII..

116 Hourwich I. A. Immigration and Labor: The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States. N.Y., 1912. P. 102: “…the demand for labor determines the character, as well as the volume, of immigration.”

117 Higham J. Strangers in the Land. P. 70.