1610915402-f55d6b0cb3225dfdc9a5fc96c4bf0e69 (Кудрявцев 2003 Курс математического анализа т2)

±ÒÇÆÊÓÍÐÄÊÇ dÐÆÔÐÒÐÎÔÐÎÈËÊÍĒÄàÔÓÃÔÈÐÒËÃÒÃÇÐÆÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÈËËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏÐÈËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÖÕϱØËÌÎÏВË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×d ’ÍÄÆÈ ËÊÕÙÄàÔÓà ÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈ Ë ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÒÃÇÝcÐÍÞÚÐÈÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÕÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÔÈÑÈÏÏÝÎÒÃÇÄÎËÎÈÔÐÇÄÎÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃ Æ ÏË× ÖÕϱØËÌ fÄàÔÓà ÏÄÙÄÍÞÏÝÈ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËà ËÊ ÔÈÐÒËËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎÄҒÕÎÈÏÔÄ jÊÕÙÄàÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃ Ë ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈË×ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃlÒÄÔ±ÐËÊÍĒÄÈÔÓÃÔÈÐÒËñÒÄÔÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆd ’ÍÄÆÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÔÓà ÔÄ ÙÄÓÔÞ ÔÈÐÒËË ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏВË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×±ÐÔÐÒÄÃÐÔÏÐÓËÔÓñË×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÝÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎeÍÄÆÄÏÄÙËÏÄÈÔÓÃÓËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÆÔÈÐÒÈÔ˱ÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÌ ÔÐÑÐÍВËË ÎÏВÐÎÈÒÏÝ× ÈƱÍËÇÐÆÝ×ÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆpÓÐÅÐÈÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÕÇÈÍÈÏÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄαÐÎÑıÔÐÆ fбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÙËÓÍÄ mÈÅȒÄË ÍÈÎÎÄ eÈÌÏȵcÐÒÈÍà РÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËË ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑбÒÝÔËà ËÊÍàÅВÐÑбÒÝÔËñÐÎÑıÔÄÐÔ±ÒÝÔÝÎËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÎËpÅÛËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈÑÐÏÃÔËÃÎËÑÒÈÇÈÍÄËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÓÒÄÊÕÇÍÃÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆ ËÊ QÎÈÒÏВРÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Æ PÎÈÒÏÐÈ fбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÙÔÐ ÐÅÒÄÊ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ÈÓÔÞ ÓÏÐÆÄ ±ÐÎÑÄ±Ô Ä ÔıÉÈÙÔÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËȱÐÎÑıÔÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÎÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÈÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÈÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ±ÐÎÑıÔÄ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ÓÐÅÐÌ ’ÐÎÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ sÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÖÕϱØËÌÎÏВË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃËÊ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝ× ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌ ±Ä± ÙÄÓÔÏÝÌ ÓÍÕÙÄÌÑÒËP sÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÈ ËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÈ ËÊÍĒÄÈÔÓà ÅÐÍÈÈÔÒÄÇËØËÐÏÏÝÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏВË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÛË× ÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈ ÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÆÆÐÇÃÔÓà ÑÐÏÃÔËà ÙÄÓÔÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÝ×ËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÐÆËÊÕÙÄàÔÓÃË×ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÆÝÆÐÇËÔÓÃÖÐÒÎÕÍÄtÈÌÍÐÒÄÓÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËÆÖÐÒÎÈqÈÄÏÐË dÐÆÔÐÒÐÎÔÐÎÈÏÕÎÈÒÄØËÒÍÄÆËÑÄÒĒÒÄÖÐÆÑÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÈÔÏÕÎÈÒÄØËàÑÈÒÆВÐÔÐÎÄmĒÒÄÏÉÄ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄàÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÈ Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÏÄÍËÙËÃÕÖÕϱØËËÍбÄÍÞÏВÐß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄÆÇÄÏÏÐÌÔÐÙ±ÈiÄÔÈÎ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ð ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËË ÏÈÃÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌpÏËÑÒËÎÈÏÃàÔÓñÏÄ×ÐÉÇÈÏËàÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝ×ËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝ×ÕÓÍÐÆË̱ÐÔÐÒÝÎÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÔÐÙ±ËÐÔÏÐÓËÔÈÍÞÏВÐÍбÄÍÞÏВР߱ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎÄ ÖÕϱØËÌ ÎÏВË× ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× ± ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËà ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ Ð ÊÄÆËÓËÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËÌ Ë ± ËÊÕÙÈÏËà ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌfÍà ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎВРÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Ó ÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÎ ÏÕÍàñÐÅËÄÏÐÎ ËÊ ÐÇÏВРÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄ Æ ÇÒՒÐÈ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃÍбÄÍÞÏÝÌÇËÖÖÈÐÎÐÒÖËÊÎ˱ıȒÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÒËÏØËÑÓÐ×ÒÄÏÈÏËÃÐÅÍÄÓÔËÑÒËÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÃ×eÍÄÆÄ ÑÐÓÆÃÛÈÏÄ ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏÐÎÕ ËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËÌÎÏВË×ÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ×dÏÈÌÆÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËȱÒÄÔÏВÐËÏÔȒÒÄÍÄ rËÎÄÏÄ ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄàÔÓà ÒÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈ ±ÒËÔÈÒËË È’Ð ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËà ÑÒËÆÐÇÃÔÓà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÄ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËà ±ÒÄÔÏВРËÏÔȒÒÄÍıÑÐÆÔÐÒÏÐÎÕËÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÊÄÎÈÏÝÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏВÐƱÒÄÔÏÐÎËÏÔȒÒÄÍÈÇÍÃÆÊÄËÎÏÐÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝ×ÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÒÕÈÎÝ×ÐÔÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌËÊÎÈÒËÎÝ×ÑÐhÐÒÇÄÏÕÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆpÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓà ÔıÉÈ ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÌ ËÏÔȒÒÄÍ Ë ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÑÒËÆÆÈÇÈÏÏÐÎȒÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËËÑÐÏÃÔËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏВбÒÄÔÏВÐËÏÔȒÒÄÍÄÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÝ iÄÔÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓà ÑÐÏÃÔËà ±ÒËÆÐÍËÏÈÌÏÝ×ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆÑÈÒÆВÐËÆÔÐÒВÐÒÐÇÄd ßÔÐÌ ÉÈ ’ÍÄÆÈ ÇÄàÔÓà ±ÒÄÔ±ËÈ ÓÆÈÇÈÏËà РÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐ̒ÈÐÎÈÔÒËËÇÆÕÎÈÒÏÐÌÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËÓÆÃÊÄÏÏÝÈÓÈÈÑÈÒÆÐÌËÆÔÐÒÐ̱ÆÄÇÒÄÔËÙÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÐÌdÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËÈÑÍÐÛÄÇËÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔËfÄÍÈÈËÊÕÙÄàÔÓÃÑÐÆÈÒ×ÏÐÓÔÏÝÈËÏÔȒÒÄÍÝÑÈÒÆВÐËÆÔÐÒВРÒÐÇÄ ÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ eÄÕÓÓĵpÓÔÒВÒÄÇӱВРËsÔбÓÄqÐÓÔÒÐÈÏÏÄÃÔÈÐÒËÃÑÒËÎÈÏÃÈÔÓñËÊÕÙÈÏËàÆȱÔÐÒÏÝ× ÑÐÍÈÌ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄàÔÓà ±ÒËÔÈÒËË Ë× ÓÐÍÈÏÐËÇÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÑÐÔÈÏØËÄÍÞÏÐÓÔËiıÄÏÙËÆÄÈÔÓà ÑÃÔÄà ’ÍÄÆÄ ËÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈÎ ÔÈÐÒËË ÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× Ë ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛË× ÐÔ ÑÄÒÄÎÈÔÒÄÔÈÐÒËËÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÒÃÇÐÆÐÅÛȒÐÆËÇÄËË×ÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃÎË ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÇÍà ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏËà ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±Ë× ÖÐÒÎÕÍÇÍÃÑÐÍÏÐÌËÏÈÑÐÍÏÐ̒ÄÎÎÄÖÕϱØËËÌÍÈÒÄ¥ÍÂÄ ²áÆ݉ ¹ÊÓÍÐÄÝÇÒáÆÝ °ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇÒáÆÂÊÇÅÐÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞdÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÑÄÒĒÒÄÖÈÑÐÏÃÔËÈÓÕÎÎÝÐÅÐÅÛÄÈÔÓÃÏÄÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÍÕÙÄË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ× Ë ËÊÕÙÄàÔÓÃÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÔıË× ÐÅÐÅÛÈÏÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ nÏВËÈ ËÊ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÏËÉÈ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÆ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÇÍà ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÏÐËÇÍñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÐÔÍËÙËÈÐÔÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈ’Ð Æ ÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÌ ’ÍÄÆÈ ÅÕÇÈÎ ÆÈÓÔË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈ Æ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÐÅÍÄÓÔËbÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈËÎÈàÛÈÈÖÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐÆËÇÓÕÎÎÝ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÛÈÌ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÏВРÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ× ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÏ ÓÄÈÑÏ ËÍË ±ÐÒÐÙÈ ÓÄÈÑÏ fÄÇËÎ ÓÔÒВÐÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÒÃÇÄËȒÐÓÕÎÎÝ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕßËÅÈÅÐÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß²ÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÞØÚÌÔÉÎXQQ sÑÔÕÅÇÌÏÐÑÇÖáÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÚÌÔÉÎVQQ ÔÎÉÈÖáÜÌÏÑÆÓÅËÑÏV XV XXV XXXVQ XXXQqÅÓÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÉÍ^XQ`Ì^VQ`ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÚÌÔÎÑÇÞÏÓÄÈÑÏÒÑÈÓÑÆÐÉÉÚÌÔÎÑÇÞÏÓÄÈÑÏÔÑÆÜÌÏÚÎÉÐÑÏXQÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓÉËXXXQÌÎ̘∑ XQQÎÉÏÉÐÕÞÌÔØÑÈÐÑÍÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^XQ`ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ ÚÎÉÐÅÏÌ ÓÄÈÅ Å àÎÉÏÉÐÕÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^VQ` ¶ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÏÌÔÖÏÏÅÏÌàÕђÑÓÄÈÅÒÓÌàÕÑÏXQÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄQÏÚÎÉÐÑÏÓÄÈÅŲÑÐÉÚÐÅÄÔÖÏÏÅVQ ¶QÍÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÑÍÔÖÏÏÑÍÓÄÈÅQ gÔÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØ ÔÖÏÏ ÓÄÈÅ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÑÐÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÓÄÈÑÏÅÉÔÎÌÑÐÅÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÓÅÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÚÎÉÐÅÏ̲ÑÕÑÓђÑÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄÚÎÉÐÞÓÄÈÅÐÅÚÌÐÅÄÔQ’ÑÇËÄÕÞÉÇÕÑÏÊÉÒÑÓÄȲÉÚÕÑÌÇÌÔØÑÈÐÑÏÓÄÈÉÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄQÏÑÔÕÅÕ²ÑÏÓÄÈÅÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔÄÚÉÓɢNXN ÌÎÌ XQXQ∑Q°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÒÓÉÈÉÎV OLP VQÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄɒÑÔÖÏÏÑÍdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑËÚÕÔQ→˜V XXXQË͢V ∑ XQQtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÎÝÅÕÇÈÎÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÃÔÞÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÓËΘÆÐÍ ∑ XQ ±Ä± ÇÍà ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÓÄÎВРÒÃÇÄ Ôı Ë ÇÍÃQ ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃȒÐÓÕÎÎÝÈÓÍËÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃgÓÍË OLP VQ ˜ËÍË OLP VQ ˜ËÍË OLP VQ ´˜ÔÐÓÐQ→˜Q→˜Q→˜ÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑËÚÕԘ∑ XQ ˜Q ˜∑ XQ ˜ ËÍËQ ˜∑ XQ ´˜Q jÔı±ÄÉÇÝÌÒÃÇÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÄÒÐÌÇÆÕ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÔıË×ÙÔÐÑÈÒÆÄÃÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÆÊÃÔÄÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ Ä ÆÔÐÒÄà ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÄ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÊ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÑÈÒÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄpÇÏıÐÒÃÇÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓñÄÉÇÐÌËÊßÔË×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÊÄÇÄÏÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÍÈÏÐÆXQÒÃÇÄÔÐÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÓВÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎVQ XX XQQ gÓÍËÉÈ ÊÄÇÄÏÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VQ` ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÄ ÔÐȒÐÙÍÈÏÝÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÑÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎX VXQ VQ´VQ´Q pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓñÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÆÓȒÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÔıÐÌÒÃÇÙÔÐÐÏÄÅÕÇÈÔÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÑÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ^]Q`qÐÍÐÉËÎX ]X ]´]XQ ]Q´]Q´ËÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇXXXQtВÇÄÇÍÃȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎËÎÈÈÎVQ XXXQ]]´]]´]]Q´]Q´ ]QÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈÒÃÇÐÆß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌdÓñËÌÆÐÑÒÐÓÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÆ ÔÈÒÎËÏÄ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞ Æ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÆÔÈÒÎËÏÄ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌËÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÊÄÇÄÙÄËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÊÄÇÄÙÈËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌqÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐÆÓàÇՒÇÈÏÈВÐÆÐÒÈÏÐÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÐÇÒÄÊÕÎÈÆÄàÔÓñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎËgÓÍËQÌÐÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄÓÎÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐȒÐÓÕÎÎÕÅÕÇÈÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÔÞÙÈÒÈÊUQUQ ˜NXN∑QËÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÑÒÐÓÔÐÑÔÕÅÕ²ÑÏÓÄÈÅdÓñÕàÓÕÎÎÕ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÙËÓÍÄÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×V Q XXX QÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÒÃÇÇÐÅÄÆËƱÏÈÌÙÍÈÏÝXQ X Q sÕÎÎÄÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚȒÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÊÄÇÄÏÏÐÌÓÕÎÎÐÌÔı±Ä±ÑÒËÆÓÈ×QOQȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÄÆÏÝV Q gÓÍË ÊÄÒÄÏÈÈ ÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÓÕÎÎÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×ÔÐËÏВÇÄÕÇÐÅÏÐÆÐÅÐË×ÓÍÕÙÄÃ× ÏÄÊÝÆÄÔÞ ÈÈ ÒÃÇÐÎ ÓÙËÔÄà ÙÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄà ÓÕÎÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÃÇÐÎÆÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÆÝÚÈÓÎÝÓÍÈpÔÎÈÔËÎÐÇÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÏÇÐÃ×ÐÆÊÎÐÇ ÕÓÍÐÄÊÇ Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ ÒáÆ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑOLP X Q→˜ Q¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍË ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË È’Ð ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ VQ Q Ë VQ ´ Q ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ËÎÈàÔ ÐÇËÏ Ë ÔÐÔ ÉÈ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÒÄÆÏÝÌ ÓÕÎÎÈ VßÔВÐÒÃÇÄqÐßÔÐÎÕÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐXQ VQ´VQ´Q ËÎÈÈÎOLP XQ OLP VQ´VQ´ OLP VQ´ OLP VQ´ Q→˜Q→˜Q→˜Q→˜sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÏВÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎВÐÒÃÇÄÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÈÅÐÐђÑÓÄÈÅÖÔÎÑÇÌÉÐÉÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÕÑÑÐÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔı Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞ T µ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈ ÙËÓÍÐ Ë _T_  tВÇÄ ÒÃÇ T T T TQ Ó ÙÍÈÏÄÎË XQ TQQ ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛËÎË ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÖá ÖÆÞÇÅáÜÖá ’ÉÑÏÉÕÓÌÚÉÔ²ÖáÒÓђÓÉÔÔÌáÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐQQTµTVQ TTTQ ´ µTµTµTTQ ËÔı±Ä± OLP ÔÐQ→˜ µ TOLP VQ µTQ→˜ rÃÇÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒВÐÐÅÒÄÊÕàԒÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÒВÒÈÓÓËàTTTTQÑÒË_T_OÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±È’ÐÐÅÛËÌÙÍÈÏXQ TQÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍà_XQ_ _T_QO rÃÇ´´ ´QÓÙÍÈÏÄÎËXQ ´QQ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈV N N V N N ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ^VQ` ÏÈ ËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÄrÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎВРÒÃÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ËËÊÔВÐÙÔÐÆÓÈȒÐÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÈÒÄÆÏÝÈÇËÏËØÈ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ³ÄÐËÓÔÄÂÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßF µ²ÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÑÉÚÌÔÎÑgÔÎÌÓÄȘ˜∑ XQQ XQ∈ & ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÓÄÈ ∑ FXQ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÏÞÍ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏQ ÈÅÐÐђÑÓÄÈÅÐÅÚÌÔÎÑFÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ̘˜∑ FXQ F Q∑ XQQ ÔÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÞ «ÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÏÐÓËÔÞÊÄÓ±ÐűլËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ× ÈÓÍË ÐÏË ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ «nÐÉÏЬ Æ ÔÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÙÔÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQQ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞVQ ∑ XNË V Q′ ∑ FXNqÐÕÓN N ÍÐÆËà OLP VQÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÐÙÈÆËÇÏВÐÒÄÆÈÏQ→˜ÓÔÆÄV Q′ FVQÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP V Q′ ËQ→˜OLP V ′ Q→˜ QF OLP VQQ→˜sВÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÕÎÎÝ ÒÃÇÄ ÐÔÓàÇÄ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÓÄÈޘ˜˜∑ XQÌ Q∑ YQÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÕђÈÅÓÄÈQ ∑ XQYQÐÅËÞÇÅÉÏÞÍÔÖÏÏÑÍÈÅÐÐÞØÓÄÈÑÇÕŲÊÉÔØÑQ ÈÌÕÔÄ̘˜˜∑ XQYQ Q∑ XQ Q∑ YQQ ÔÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇÝ«ÎÐÉÏÐÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÔÞÑÐÙÍÈÏÏЬQÌÙÍÈÏÓQΫÎÐÉÏЬÆÔÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÙÔÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆЦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞQQVQ ∑ XN V Q′ ∑ YNNNËQσQ ∑ XNYNNÔВÇÄ σQ VQ V Q′ Ë Ôı ±Ä± OLP VQ Ë OLP V Q′ ÑÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÓÕQ→˜Q→˜ÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÔÐ OLP σQÔıÉÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔËQ→˜OLP σQ OLP VQV Q′ OLP VQ OLP V Q′ Q→˜Q→˜Q→˜Q→˜ÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò oÄÌÇÈÎÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄQ Q˜ ÓÆÈÇà Ȓб ÓÕÎ∑ QQÎÄÎÙÍÈÏÐÆÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÕÅÝÆÄàÛËגÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÑÒВÒÈÓÓËÌQQ ∑  Q Q  ∑ Q ∑ Q ∑ Q  Q Q Q Q ˜˜˜˜ µ µ ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÎáÆÑÍ É’Ñ ÑÔÕÅÕѲÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ gÔÎÌ ²Å²ÑÍÎÌÆÑ ÑÔÕÅÕѲ ÓÄÈÅ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÌÔÅÏÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄqÓÌàÕÑÏÉÔÎ̘V ∑ XNNÕÑPVP ∑ XNNV VPUPPUP ˜NXN∑P ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞVQ XXXQQ µ˜ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQÄQV N( P ) XPXPNN µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝȒÐP’ÐÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄXPXPXPNpÙÈÆËÇÏÐÙÔÐÑÒËQ!PËÎÈÈÎVQ VPV N( P )Q PNÐÔ±ÕÇÄ ÑÒË ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ Ö˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ P ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP VQÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔВÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔВÇıВÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔQ→˜ÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP V N( P )N→˜jÏÄÙÈ ’ÐÆÐÒà ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔВÇÄ Ë ÔÐÍޱРÔВÇÄ ±Ð’ÇÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÌȒÐÐÓÔÄÔбUP OLP V N( P )qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÏÄN→˜ÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐPÅÝÍÐÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÝÎÑÈÒÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÇбÄÊÄÏÄoıÐÏÈØÑÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÑÒËN{˜ËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎPËÎÈÈÎV VPUPÔı±Ä±Q PN{˜ÑÒËN{˜Ä OLP VQ V OLP V N( P ) UPQ→˜N→˜jÊ ßÔÐÌ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËÈ ËÍË ÇÐÅÄÆÍÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏВÐÙËÓÍÄÙÍÈÏÐƱÇÄÏÏÐÎÕÒÃÇÕÏÈÆÍËÃÈÔÏÄȒÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞjÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ V VP UP ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐȒÐÐÓÔÄÔбÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàOLP U P→˜ P OLP V´VP P→˜pÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÓÄÎÐÓÐÅÐÌÒÄÊÕÎÈÈÔÓÃÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈÍÞÊà ÑÒËÏÃÔÞ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà Ó×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ Ôı ±Ä±ÐÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄÓÄÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÃÇÐÎ˒ÐÆÐÒËÔÞÐȒÐÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏË˱ÏÕÍàÎÐÉÏÐÍËÚÞÕÉÈÊÏÄÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ¬ÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÂlÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÍȒ±Ð ÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÏ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ± ÒÃÇÄÎ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏбıËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓÎÑ ËÇÍÃÔВÐÙÔÐÅÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ^VQ` ÅÝÍÄ Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅÝÇÍñÄÉÇВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÍÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ Qε ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅÝ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ Q ! Qε Q ËÍàÅÝ×ØÈÍÝ×SOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_VQS´VQ´_εfÍÃÕÇÐÅÓÔÆÄËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËÃßÔВбÒËÔÈÒËÃÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÐÆÎÝÑËÚÈÎÊÇÈÓÞÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞVQS´VQ´ÆÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËVQS´VQ±ÐÔÐÒÕà ÑËÓÄÍË ÒÄÏÞÚÈ Æ Ñ ÔÐ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÏÈ ÆÍËÃÈÔ ÏÄÓÕÔÞ ÇÈÍÄ qÒË ßÔÐÎ ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ÓÕÎÎÄ V ÏÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÄ ÎÝÆÓȒÇÄÅÕÇÈÎÓÙËÔÄÔÞÑÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÙÔÐV gÓÍË ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ÑÐÇ ^VQ` ÑÐÇÒÄÊÕÎÈÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄÔÐVQS´VQ´ XQXQXQSË ÓÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆÄÏÏÝÌ Æ ßÔË× ÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ× ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÑÒËÏËÎÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊ fÎÄÕђÑÚÕÑÆÞÓÄȘ∑ XQÔØÑQ ÈÌÎÔÄ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑ’Ñ ε ! ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ QεÚÕÑ ÒÓÌ ÎáÆÑÏ Q!QεÌ ÎáÆÑÏÙÉÎÑÏSOÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ_XQXQXQS_εjÊ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÍȒ±Ð ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÓÏÐÆÄÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÇÍÃÍàÅВÐSOËÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÇÍÃS qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÎÈÈÎ_XQ_εÄßÔÐÆÓËÍÕÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÓÔËε!ËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ OLP XQ Q→˜sÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔЬÑÆÜÌÍÚÎÉÐÔØÑÈÄÜɒÑÔÄÓÄÈÅÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎá­± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËΒÅÓÏÑÐÌÚÉÔ²ÌÍÓÄÈ QË ÇбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÐÏ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÖÄ±Ô ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ÈÛÈo pÒÈÓÎÐÎfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÍàÅВÐQ ËÎÈÈÎXQXQXQ´Q ! QQ µ QQQQQÔ ÈÇÍÃÍàÅВÐQÑÒËε ËS Q´ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎËʱÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔВÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃd ’ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ÐÎ ÒÃÇÈ È’Ð QÌ ÙÍÈÏ XQ Q ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±ÏÕÍàÑÒËQ{˜tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒËÎÈҒÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈӱВÐÒÃÇÄÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËñÏÕÍàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÃÓÞÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎjÊÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏВÐÑÒËÎÈÒÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÔıÉÈÙÔÐÒÃÇ α α αQÑÒËαÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÑÒËαÇÍÃÍàÅВÐQ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQαQËÎÈÈÎÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄα α α ! ! Q QQ( Q µ )(Q )QqÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÄÑÒËαÇÍÃÍàÅВÐQ ÑÒËε ËS Q´ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÆÓËÍÕ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË ÒÃÇ ÑÒËα  ÔıÉÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓØiÇÊÇÛÇ fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓñВÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ ∑ DQÓÏÈQÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËDQOÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÅÐÍÞÚÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^EQ` OLP EQ ˜EQPEQQ ÙÔÐÒÃǘ∑QQ→˜DQEQÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ²áÆÝÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊd ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÒÃÇÝ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× µ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ­ § ® ® ¢ qÖÔÕßÇÔÉÚÎÉÐÞÓÄÈÅÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞXQOQ fÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ àÕÑÕ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎÅØÑÕÄÆÞÑÈÐÅÔØÑÈÄÜÅÄÔÄÒÑÈÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ É’Ñ ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐËÊÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐQVQ ∑ XN VQXQOVQNÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ^VQ`ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎВРÒÃÇÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÈÌ nÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄà ÉÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÔÐÎËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱВÇÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÄÈÈÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÑÐÓÍÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÑ ­ § ® ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÓÄÈÔ ÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÞÏÌÚÎÉÐÅÏÌ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßɒÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏÆÞÎÅђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÔÇÉÓØÖÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÆÞÎÅђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÔÇÉÓØÖØÑÕÄÆÞÑÈÐÅÒÑÈÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß{ V Q }ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^VQ`ɒÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØNÔÖÏÏÒÓÌÚÉÏÉÔÎÌV VXS{ V Q }NNÕÑVÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄÔÖÏÏÑÍÓÄÈÅdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÄÆÓñÄÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛÄÃÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕtıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÑÈÒÆÄà ÙÄÓÔÞ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ Ë ÅÈÊ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÃÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄpÇÏıÐÆÐÅÛÈÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÇÄÉÈÆÓÈ×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄÄÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌË×ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇııßÔÐ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÒÄÊÐÅÒÄÏÏÝÌ Æ Ñ qÐßÔÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËÈÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÇÍÃÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÆÔÐÒÐÌÙÄÓÔËÍÈÎÎÝ fбÄÉÈÎÈÈjÊÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇııÎÝÕÅÈÇËÍËÓÞÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÌ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ µÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄÃqÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍË ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ð’ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄà ÓÆÈÒ×Õ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ{ V Q } ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ^VQ` ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈNÎВÐÒÃÇÄÔÐÐÏÄÔÐÉÈÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÄñıÆÓñÄÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÈÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÙÈÎV VXS{ V Q } OLP V Q NNN→˜NsВÍÄÓÏÐÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛÈÌÍÈÎÎÈËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎ{ V Q }ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÔ ÈNÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ OLP VQ Ä Ôı ±Ä± ÑÒÈÇÈÍQ→˜Ó×ÐÇÃÛÈÌÓà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ ÍàÅÐÌÈÈÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÔÐOLP V Q→˜ Q OLP V Q VN→˜NjÊÍÈÎÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍËÒÃÇÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÏÈВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÓÆÈÒ×Õ Ë Æ ÓËÍÕ ÈÈ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔË OLP VQ ˜ qÐQ→˜ßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÒÃÇÐÆ Ó ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄ΢ÓВÍÄÓÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÑ ÓВÍÄÚÈÏËàÑËÚÕÔ ∑ XQ ˜Q fбÄÊÄÏÏÝÈ ÍÈÎÎÝ ÑÐ ÓÆÐÈÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÐÆ±È ÆÏÈÚÏÈ ÏÄÑÐÎËÏÄàÔ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÇÍà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆÓÎÑ nÈÉÇÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞàÒÃÇÐÆÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË Ë Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞà ÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ× ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆÐÔÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌÎÐÉÏÐËÏВÇÄÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞËÅÐÍÈÈÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÕàÓÆÃÊÞfÍÃÕÅÝÆÄàÛË×ÖÕϱØËÌßÔÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÑ ± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÒÃÇÑÒËα!qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÐÊÞÎÈÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝßÔВÐÒÃÇÄÑÐÒÃDZÐÆQ N´N ÐÅÜÈÇËÏËÆË×ÓÍĒÄÈÎÝÈÆN’ÒÕÑѱÐÔÐÒÝÈËÎÈàÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌÆËÇ Sα( S )α( S )α( S µ )αÔ ÈS N´ α  α α α α V N µ  α     α( N µ )αN( µ )iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐÇÍñÄÉÇВÐÓÍĒÄÈÎВÐS̒ÒÕÑÑÝÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ P S´P SααS( P)ËÙÔÐÆßÔÐ̒ÒÕÑÑÈSÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×ÑÐÍÕÙËÎNµV N µ  αα( N µ )ααµ  ∑ αµ µ (N µ )(α µ )N µ ᵘtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎV N µ ÒÃÇÄÑÒËα!ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕfÄÍÈÈÆÓËÍÕÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎВРÒÃÇÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔqÐßÔÐÎÕÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP VQ VoÐÔВÇÄËÍàÅÄÃQ→˜ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VQ` Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^ V N µ `ËÎÈÈÔÔÐÔÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍVÄÔı±Ä±ÑÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕßÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔÐÑÒÈÇÈÍV±ÐÏÈÙÈÏ ÇбÄÊÝpÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓÍÕÙÄÈα Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ ∑ Q QÆÄÈÔÓà ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÒÐÛÈ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅВРQËÎÈÈΘ P VQ Q‡‡( Q µ )Q ´  ´ PQ  ´  ´  Q µ QQВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝÓÆÈÒ×ÕËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔ ÈÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ ∑ QQ ÔÈÍÞÏÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ ÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃpÔÓàÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅВÐα!ÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄα P Q ˜QQ ÑÒËÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄ ∑ αQQ α O ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ Ë È’Ð Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÌ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏËà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ Ó ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏ Æ ÐÅÛÈÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Æ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÔÐÍÞ±ÐËÊÊÄÓÍÕÙÄÃαÑÒËÚÍÐÓÞÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞÆÝÚÈÅÐÍÈȘ α ! ÓÍÐÉÏÝÌ ÓÑÐÓÐÅ ÐØÈÏ±Ë ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÄ ∑ αQQ ÇÍÃÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏËÃȒÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˘sÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÑÒËα!ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÖÕϱØËÈÌÐÔαÔÄÖÕϱØËÃÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÈËÉÕÅ×ÖвÙÌÉÍrËÎÄÏÄËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÒÒÈÙÈÓ±ÐÌÅÕ±ÆÐÌζpÅÝÙÏÐÈÈÄҒÕÎÈÏÔÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàÔÅÕ±ÆÐÌVtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎζVGHI ˜∑ QVV!Q ±ÒÊÉÏÂÌÓÒÂÄÏÇÏÊáÆÍáÒáÆÐÄÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊ®ÇÔÐÆÄÝÆÇÍÇÏÊáÅÍÂÄÏÐËÙÂÓÔÊÙÍÇÏÂÒáÆÂrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÒËÊÏıËÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆÔıÉÈÑÐÓÆÐÈÌÖÐÒÎÈÆÈÓÞÎÄÏÄÑÐÎËÏÄàÛËÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÈÑÒËÊÏıËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝ×ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌÓÒÂÄÏÇÏÊáqÖÔÕßXQOYQO Q ÌXQ 2YQtђÈÅÉÔÎÌÓÄȘ∑ YQQ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÓÄȘ∑ XQQ ÅÉÔÎÌÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÓÄȦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈtВÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈF!ÙÔÐXNPFYNN gÓÍËÔÈÑÈÒÞÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VQ` ȒРÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎΠВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ Ô È ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ0!ÙÔÐQVQ ∑ YNP0NQ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊσQÙÄÓÔËÙÏÕàÓÕÎÎÕÒÃÇÄtВÇÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆËQQσQ ∑ XNPF ∑ YN FVQF0NNQ dÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËXQPYQpÅÜÃÓÏÈÏËÈÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ2 ÓÎÔÑ sВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈËÊВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÓÆÈÒ×ÕÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ È’Ð Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ jÔı ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÒÃÇÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃgÓÍËÉÈÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐËÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÔÐÑÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÅÝËÒÃÇÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÕÓÍÐÆËà³ ­ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § qÖÔÕßYQ Q XXOLP Q NQ → ˜ YQÕђÈÅ ÉÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌ PN˜ÕÑÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÉÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ì  N P ˜ ÕÑ ÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄd ÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÔÎÌ XQ ∼ YQ XQ Ì YQ à²ÇÌÇÅÎÉÐÕÐÞ ÓÎÑ ÕÑÓÄÈÞÌÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ ÌÎÌÓÅÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÑÈÐÑÇÓÉÏÉÐÐÑjÊÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÍÃPN˜ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıВÐQÙÔÐÈÓÍËQ!QÔÐXQ NÔ ÈXQNYQYQÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐXQ 2YQqÐßÔÐÎÕÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔËÊÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝjÊ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËà ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÇÍà  N P ˜ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÓÍËÊÄÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÔÞÔıÐÈN′ÙÔÐN′NÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÐÎÈÒQ QN′ÐÅÍÄÇÄàÛËÌÔÈÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËQ!QXYQ XQÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐYQ 2XQqÐßÔÐÔÐ Q !N′Ô ÈYQ N′ÎÕ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÆÝÔȱÄÈÔ ËÊÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎݱ Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞ XQ Qα VLQ tВÇÄ P XQ P QQQ ËÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÑ ÔÐÓ×ÐQQ Qα˜ÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇ ∑ VLQQ˜Q rÃÇ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı ±Ä±˜QQ O Q QQ ÄÒÃÇ ∑ ±Ä±ÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÓÎËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄQ QÏËÈÒÃÇÄÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓØqÒËÆÈÇÈÎÈÛÈÐÇËÏÓÑÐÓÐÅÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒà ÑÒËα!ÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÏÝÌÏÄÑÒËÊÏıÈÇÄÔ ÈÒÃÇÄ ∑ αQ QÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆ rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ˜∑Q µ ( Q µ )α µ Qα µ α!ȒРÙÍÈÏÝ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝ Ë ÐÏ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÇÍÃÏȒÐÍȒ±ÐÏÄ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝVQ ´ αµ(Q µ )ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ OLP VQ qÒËÎÈÏËÆÔÈÑÈÒÞÖÐÒÎÕÍÕ±ÐÏÈÙQ→˜ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>Q´Q@ÏÝ×ÑÒËÒÄÛÈÏËÌmĒÒÄÏÉıÖÕϱØËË[α µ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎαµ ´ ´ α (Q µ θ)Qα µ ( Q µ )α µ θsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐßÔÐÎÕαµαµ ´ α ! ( Q µ )α µ Qα µ Qα(Q µ θ)α  µ α µ ( Q µ )α µ QαQjÊßÔВÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓËÍÕÑÒËÊÏıÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÔı±Ä±ËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÖÖȱÔËÆÏÐÓÔÞ ËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÏËà ±ÒËÔÈÒËà ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÇÍÃËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÐÔ ÊÄÑÄÓÄ«ÒÃÇÐÆÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃ¬Ô ÈÒÃÇÐÆбÐÔÐÒÝ×ÕÉÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÍËÐÏËËÍËÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃ˱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÎÝÎÐÉÈÎÑÝÔÄÔÞÓÃËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÇÍÃËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÇÄÏÏВÐÒÃÇÄgÓÍËƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ«ÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËìÆÊÃÔÞÒÃÇ ∑ αQQ Ð ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÕÉÈ ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐ ÑÒË ±Ä±Ë× α ÐÏ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔÞ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎݘQ ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÖÔÕßXQOQ tђÈÅÉÔÎÌXQ 2 α Ìα!ÕÑÓÄȘ∑ XQQ 2XQÌαPÕÑÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÉÔÎÌÊÉαQ³ ­ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §qÖÔÕß OLP QαXQ NÕђÈÅQ→˜ ÉÔÎÌα!ÌPN˜ÕÑÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÉÔÎÌαPÌNP˜ÕÑÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄd ÚÅÔÕÐÑÔÕÌ ÉÔÎÌ XQ∼ ÕÑ ÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÒÓÌαQα!ÌÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÒÓÌαPgÓÍË ÙÍÈÏÝ XQ ÒÃÇÄ Ó ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎËÊÄÇÄÏÝÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÖÐÒÎÕÍÝÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÛÈÌÓÐÅÐÌÖÕϱØËàÐÔQ±ÐÔÐÒÄÃËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÍÞÚË×ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌQËÅÐÍÈÈÔВÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓëÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏВÍÄDZÐ̬ÖÕϱØËÈÌßÔÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÌÔÐÇÍÃÑÒıÔËÙÈӱВÐÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÅÝÙÏÐÅÝÆÄÈÔ ØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐ ÒÄÊÍÐÉËÔÞ ÙÍÈÏ XQ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝtÈÌÍÐÒÄÑÐÓÔÈÑÈÏÃÎ QgÓÍ˒ÍÄÆÏÝÌÙÍÈÏÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚȒÐÓÃÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÃËÎÈÈÔÆËǘ α ÔÐÅÈÒÃƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇ ∑ α ËÑÒËÎÈÏÃÃQQ QÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÍË ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ËÍËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃd ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈÎÐÉÏÐ Ó±ÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐßÔÐÔ ÎÈÔÐÇËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌÏÉÕÑÈÑÏÇÞÈÉÎÉÐÌĒÎÅÇÐÑÍÚÅÔÕÌÐÅÛȒÐÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈÕÇÐÅÏÝÎËÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÅÛËα Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÐÆÐÅÛËÈÙÍÈÏÝXQ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÊÄÇÄàÔÓÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝÎËÏËÉÈÖÐÒÎÕÍÄÎËπ XQ ´FRV pÙÈÆËÇÏÐXQ!tı±Ä±ÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÆQ±ÐÏØÈÑ FRV [ 2[[{ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐπ  2  Q{˜XQ ´ 2 Q Q ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÒÃÇÓÐÅÛËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎXQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃQ XQ OQ FRV iÇÈÓÞXQdÓÑÐÎÏËÆÙÔÐOQ [ 2[[{ËÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÕtÈÌÍÐÒÄÇÍñÐÓËÏÕÓÄËÍВÄÒËÖÎÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎXQ OQ FRV OQ 2 Q{˜2 QQ Q ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÒÃÇÓÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄ΢˜∑ ´XQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÏËÎÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇQ∑ XQQ XQπ WJ Q OQ Qπ µ WJ Q jÎÈÈÎ XQ O Ë WJ π Qπ R Q{˜ÑÐßÔÐÎÕQQ R XQ OQ WJ π ´OQ ´WJ π  WJ π R WJ π  πQQQQQQπ Ôı ±Ä± ÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐtıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ XQ ∼ πQQQ ˜π WJ QÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃÇ ∑ OQ πQ µ WJ Q˜ ±ÒÊÉÏÂÌʦÂÍÂÎÃÇÒÂʬÐÚÊÆÍáÒáÆÐÄÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊjÏВÇÄбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÎËÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÝÈÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ë Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÓÒÈÇË ÏË× Ôı ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌÑÒËÊÏıfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄËÑÒËÊÏılÐÚËÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛËÈÓÃËÊÑÒËÊÏıÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÈÓÍËƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ÆÊÃÔÞ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÝÅÒÄÏÏÕà ’ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÒВÒÈÓÓËà´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̦ÂÍÂÎÃÇÒ qÖÔÕßÈÅÐÓÄÈÔÒÑÎÑÊÌÕÉÎßÐÞÏÌÚÎÉÐÅÏ̘∑ XQXQ! Q Q tђÈÅ ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉÚÌÔÎÑTTÚÕÑÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑXQ PTXQQ ÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÉÔÎÌÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑXQ OXQQ ÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄh fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒµ µÖÒÄÏØÕÊÓ±ËÌÖËÍÐÓÐÖËÎÄÔÈÎÄÔ˱¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞTËÑÕÓÔÞXQ PTÔ ÈXQPTXQXQtВÇÄQ X P XTX P XT P XTXQ P XQ´T P P XTQ´ËÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇXTXTXTQ´ÃÆÍÃÃÓÞÓÕÎÎÐÌÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÌÕÅÝÆÄàÛÈ̒ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒВÒÈÓÓËËÓÐÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍÈÎ T  T  Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÑÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇËËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇXQ OQ ÔÐgÓÍËÉÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ XQX O XX O X O X XQ O XQ´ OO XËÔı±Ä±ÑÐÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËàX !ÔÐQÌÙÍÈÏÒÃÇÄÅÕÇÕÙËВÒÄÏËÙÈÏ ÓÏËÊÕ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌ ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±ÏÕÍà sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ßÔВÐÑÄÒĒÒÄÖÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓó ­ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §XQ O tђÈÅ ÉÔÎÌqÖÔÕß ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ OLP Q→˜XQOÕÑÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÅÉÔÎÌO!ÕÑÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÔÐÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐËÊÇбÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ iÇÈÓÞXQ Ëd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇ ∑ QQQ XQ OLP ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËàOLP ˜Q → ˜ XQQ → ˜Q ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà g’Ð Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÐÉÏÐ ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ Ë ÓÒÄÆÏËÆ È’Ð ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒ ÓÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÎÓÃÒÃÇÐÎ ∑ Q QcÐÍÈÈ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÑÒËÎÈÒÝ ÏÄ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈ ÑÒËÊÏıÄfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÝÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÓÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑ ˜´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̬ÐÚÊqÖÔÕßÈÅÐÓÄȘ∑ XQXQOQ Q tђÈÅ ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÑÉT PTÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØQÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ Q X QPTÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÉÔÎÌ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄ ÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑQX QOÕÑÈÅÐÐÞÍÓÄÈÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔĦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÑÒËQ X QPTÔ ÈXQTQQ ÔÐÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÒÃǘ∑ TQÑÒËTÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃQ gÓÍËÉÈ Q X QOÔÐXQOQ ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ³ ­ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª § qÖÔÕßÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕOLP QQ→˜X Q OtђÈÅÉÔÎÌOÕÑÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÅÉÔÎÌO!ÑÐÓÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄfбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ tı ±Ä± OLP Q X Q OLP rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÒÃÇ ∑ QQ→˜Q → ˜QQ QÔÐ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËà ËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃg’Ð Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÍȒ±Ð ÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÃ Ë Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÔÈÐÒÈÎݘ˜i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË Ð ÒÃÇÈ ∑ XQ XQ ! Q Q ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÍËÚÞÙÔÐXQ OLP Q → ˜ XQËÍËOLP QQ→˜X Q ÔÐÏËÙȒÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏВÐÐȒÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓ±ÄÊÄÔÞÏÈÍÞÊÃÒÃÇÎÐÉÈԱıÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÔıËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃoÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇÝ∑ ËQ Q˜˜∑ Q QÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔÐÅÐËÎÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÐÇÏıÐÑÈÒÆÝÌËÊÏË×ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÆÔÐÒÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ªÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÞÏÝËÑÒÊÉÏÂÌÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÐÄÓÏÇÐÔÒÊØÂÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÙÍÇÏÂÎÊgÓÍË ÇÍà ÇÄÏÏВРÒÃÇÄ Ó ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎËÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞÖÕϱØËàÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÕàÑÒË[OËÔıÕàÙÔÐ IQ XQ ÔÐ ÑÒË ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ× ÑÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˘ËÍËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔȒÒÄÍÄ ∫ I[G[ÎÐÉÏÐÓÕÇËÔÞËÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÍËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÊÏÔÇÅÒÂÍÞÏÝË ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌ Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ ÒáÆÐÄ gÔÎÌ×ÖвÙÌÄI[ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÅÄÒÓÌÇÔÉØ[OÐÉÑÕÓÌÙÅÕÉÎßÐÅÌÖÆÞÇÅÉÕÕÑÓÄȘ∑ I[QÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕђÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕђÈŲђÈÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÐÕɒÓÅΘ∫ I[G[¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓȒÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÑÒÐÎÈÉÕÔ±È>˜ÐÏÄËÏÔȒÒËÒÕÈÎÄ ÑÐ rËÎÄÏÕ ÏÄ ÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > η@ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓ͒ÐÆÐÒËÔÞÐÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÎËÏÔȒÒÄÍÈgÓÍË N P [ P N ÔÐ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÕÅÝÆÄÏËà ÖÕϱØËË I[ÒËÓ INOI[OINN ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÔȒÒËÒÕÃßÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐÐÔÒÈʱÕ>NN@ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞNINO ∫ I[G[OINN NsÕÎÎËÒÕÃÐÔN ÇÐN QÒËÓ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎQQQ∑ INO ∫ I[G[O N∑ INN \NNrËÓNrËÓN[QËÑÐÍĒÄÃVQ ∑ INÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞN QVQO ∫ I[ G[OVQ´IQ gÓÍËËÏÔȒÒÄÍÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÆÓËÍÕÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIÓВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈÑ ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQ Q˜∫ I[ G[P ∫ I[ G[pÔÓàÇÄËËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔИVQPI ∫ I[ G[Ô ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÃÇÄВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕÄÊÏÄÙËÔÓВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ Ñ ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃgÓÍËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËȒÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÄÆÏÄVÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÔÐÌÉÈÍÈÎÎÈVQ PVÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q Q∫ I[ G[PVgÓÍË ÔÈÑÈÒÞ ξ O ÔÐ ÅÈÒà Q Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ Q O ξ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÆ ÓËÍÕÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËËIξQ∫ I[ G[P ∫ I[ G[PVξjÔı ÓÐÆбÕÑÏÐÓÔÞ ÆÓÈ× ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆ ∫ I[ G[ ξ O ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÔȒÒÄÍÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÍÈÎÎÕÑ ÔÄ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÙÄÓÔÐ ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÐÅÍȒÙÄÈÔ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÇÍÃÇÄÏÏВÐÒÃÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕàÖÕϱØËàIËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÆÈÓÔËÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÅËÊÕÙÈÏËË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ± ËÊÕÙÈÏËà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÄÔÐ ßÔÐ ÇÄÈÔ ÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ÒÄÊÆËÔÝÌ Æ ÑÒÈÇÚÈÓÔÆÕàÛÈ̒ÍÄÆÈÄÑÑÄÒÄÔËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏВÐËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËñ Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÓÏÐÆÄ ÓÎ Ñ Ë Ñ ÒÃÇ α α αQÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎXQ Q´αQ dÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒËαOÖÕϱØËÃI[Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏÄÃÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÑÐÇÅËÒÄÈÔÓÃÍȒ±Ð [OI[ α[˜αÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËα!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËαPtı±Ä±ËÏÔȒÒÄÍ ∫ G[[ÔÐËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËα!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËPαPrÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ÑÒË α  ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÄ ÓÒÄÊÕ µ ȒРÐÅ O α  ÔËÛËÌ ÙÍÈÏ ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ αQÖıÔÝÅÝÍËÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏÝÆÑ ËÇÒՒËÎÎÈÔÐÇÐÎlıÆËÇÏÐËÊËÊÍÐÉÈÏÏВÐÆÝÚÈÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËȱËÊÕÙÈÏËàÒÃÇÄ ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏВРÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÕÑÒÐÓÔËÍÐÊÄÇÄÙÕËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔВÐÒÃÇÄ rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ∑ Q ( Q ) OQ ( Q )ÔÐÔ ÒÃÇ ÍȒ±Ð ÎÐÉÏÐ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏВÐÑÒËÊÏıÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÊÔВÐÙÔÐËÏÔȒÒÄ͘∫˜G[GW ∫ W( [ ) OQ ( [ )OQÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃsÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞÑÒÐÓÔÐÈÏÐÙÄÓÔÐÑÐÍÈÊÏÐÈÆÑÒËÍÐÉÈÏËÃ×ÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ gÔÎÌ ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÉ ÐÅÕÖÓÅÎßÐÑÉ Q ÚÕÑ ÐÉÑÕÓÌÙŘÕÉÎßÐÅÄ×ÖвÙÌÄIÖÆÞÇÅÉÕÒÓÌ[OQÕÑÓÄÈ ∑ IQÔØÑÈÌÕQQ˜ÔÄÕђÈÅÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕђÈŲђÈÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÐÕɒÓÅÎ ∫ I[ G[QÔÐÔÓÍÕÙÄÌÓÆÐÇËÔÓñÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÎÕÆÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÊÄÎÈÏÐÌÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏВÐ[ \Q´ ¯ÇÒÂÄÇÏÓÔÄÂ¥šÍÞÆÇÒÂÊ®ÊÏÌÐÄÓÌÐÅÐÆÍáÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÊÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎqÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÝÙËÓÍÄÆÐÐÅÛȒÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ[[Q\\QS˜ËÙËÓÍÐTÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎ SÓÎÆÑ tВÇÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄQQ∑ _[L\L_P L ∑ _[L_ S L SÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐeÂÍÞÇÈÒÄËQ_[ \L_ S  L ∑ LSQP ∑ _[L_ S L ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐnËϱÐÆӱВÐQ_\ _T  L ∑ L SQT ∑ _\L_ S L TSj×ÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÔÐÌÉÈÓ×ÈÎÈÙÔÐËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛË×ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏÝ×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÎÑ dÆÈÇÈÎÇÍñÒÄÔ±ÐÓÔËÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃ__[__SGHI  Q_[ _ S  L ∑ L S__\__TGHI  Q_\ _T  L ∑ L STTE D O E O ±qÒËÎÈÏËÆ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ DE P D ST[L S[L\L[L\L \L TD E L QËÎÈÈÎ P S [ SST \ TT[ S\ T[ S \ TqÒÐÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÆßÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐLÐÔÇÐQÆÓËÍÕËÕÓÍÐÆËà ÑÐÍÕÙËÎSTQ ∑ _[L\L_P S[ T \ TL S [ SÐÔ±ÕÇÄQQ_[L_ S_\L_ T ∑T ∑STT\L L TQ∑ _[L\L_P__[__S __\__TL ÔÈÎÓÄÎÝÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÇбÄÊÄÏÐoÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ nËϱÐÆӱВРÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄeÂÍÞÇÈÒÄËÊÐÙÈÆËÇÏВÐÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃQQQ∑ _[L\L_ SP L ∑ _[L_ _[L\L_ S´ L ∑ _\L_ _[L\L_ S´L ÑÒËÎÈÏËƱ±ÄÉÇÐÎÕÓÍĒÄÈÎÐÎÕÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐeÂÍÞÇÈÒÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎQQ∑ _[L\L_ SP L ∑_[L_ S L Q ∑ _\L_T LTSQQ_[ \L_ TS ´  L ∑ L_[ \L_ TS´  L ∑ LTTgÓÍËÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐnËϱÐÆӱВÐÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÈÓÍËÉÈÐÏÄÏÈÒÄÆÏÄÏÕÍàÔÐQÓбÒÄÛÄÃÐÅÈÙÄÓÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÏÄÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÞ  ∑ _[L\L_S LTË ÊÄÎÈÔËÆ ÙÔÐ TS ´ S ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐST˜˜fÍÃÍàÅÝ×ÇÆÕ×ÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ [Q ∑ \QÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÄÏÄÍВËÙQ Q ÏÝÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆʘ∑ _[Q\Q_P Q∑ _[Q_ S Q  ˜ _[ \ _ S Q  Q∑ QSS˜P ∑ _[Q_ S  ˜ _\ _T  Q∑ Q SQT˜ ∑ _\Q_ S QS fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÐÇÏВÐËÔВÐÉÈÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ eÂÍÞÇÈÒÄ ËnËϱÐÆӱВÐqÈÒÈ×ÐÇÃÆÏË×±ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËQ{˜ÎÝËÑÐÍÕÙËÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËjÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝ× ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔË ÙÔÐ ÈÓ͢˜˜ÒÃÇÝ ∑ _[Q_ S ∑ _\Q_ TÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ _[Q\Q_Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÈÓÍËQ˜QQ˜˜Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÒÃÇÝ ∑ _[Q_S ∑ _\Q_ SÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ ∑ _[Q\Q_ SQQQ ©ÏÂÌÐÑÇÒÇÎÇÏÏÝÇÒáÆÝdßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÒÃÇÝÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎË ÊÏÄ±Ë ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ’ÐÆÐÒà ËÊÎÈÏÃàÔÓà ÑÒË ËÊÎÈÏÈÏËËÏÐÎÈÒÄÔıËÈÒÃÇÝÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃËÐŲÑÒÉÓÉÏÉÐÐÞÏÌrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÑÒÈÉÇÈ ÆÓȒРËÐŲÑÚÉÓÉÈÖáÜÌÉÔÄ ÒÃÇÝ Ô ÈÒÃÇÝ ÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÑÐÐÙÈÒÈÇÏÐÔÐÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÔÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÔÇÐÒÇέÇËÃÏÊØÂgÔÎÌÌOLP X Q→˜ QXQOXQ!Q ÕÑËÐŲÑÚÉÓÉÈÖáÜÌÍÔÄÓÄȘ∑ ´QXQQ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄqÓÌàÕÑÏÎáÆÅÄÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÅÄÔÖÏÏÅVQÓÄÈÅÑÕÎÌÚÅÉÕÔÄÑÕɒÑÔÖÏÏÞVÐÅÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÖÏÉÐßÛÖáÔÎÉÈÖáÜɒÑÚÎÉÐÅXQÌÐÅÚɒÑÇÑÓÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÅÄÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÅÑÔÕÅÕ²ÅÓÄÈÅUQÇàÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅÉÐÉÒÓÉÇÞÛÅÉÕÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÍÇÉÎÌÚÌÐÞɒÑÒÉÓÇђÑÚÎÉÐÅÕ É_UQ_ _V´VQ_PXQ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÙÈÔÏВÐÑÐÒÃDZÄÒÃÇÄNVN ∑ ´QXQQj×ÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈVN X´XX´XXN´´XNN d ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃ Æ ±ÒՒÍÝ× Ó±ÐűÄ× ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ VN P VN Ô È ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÙÈÔÏВÐÑÐÒÃDZÄÒÃÇÄÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝVNÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÔıÉÈÆÆËÇÈVN X´X´X´´XN´´XN´µXN N ËÙÔÐÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÃƱÒՒÍÝ×Ó±ÐűÄ×ÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÄXN!ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÙÔÐVNXÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^VN`ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕjÊÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÃËВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔË ÓÆÈÒ×Õ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^VN` ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÐÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃOLP VN VN→˜qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ Ë ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÏÈÙÈÔÏВРÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÒÃÇÄÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÔÐÎÕÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÕfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐVN VNXNN ËÔı±Ä±ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ OLP XN ÔÐÆÓËÍÕËN→˜ËÎÈÈÎOLP VN VN→˜jÊËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐOLP V Q→˜ QVtÈÑÈÒÞÐÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÒÃÇÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐVNPVPVN´N fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÐÇÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÕÉÈÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐVÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎ ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÛÈÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^VN` ÑÐßÔÐÎÕVNPVsÇÒՒÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝVN VN´´XN´XNPVN´N Ô È ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^VN ´ ` ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔ Ë Ôı ±Ä±V ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÎËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^VN´`ÓÎÔÐVPVN´jÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔV´VNPVN´VN XNVN´´VPVN´´VN XNN ÄßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_V´VQ_PXQgÓÍËÕÓÍÐÆËÃÙÈÒÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÊÏıÐÆÒÃÇÄËÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÓÑÈÒÆВÐÙÍÈÏÄÄÍËÚÞÏÄÙËÏÄÃÓÏȱÐÔÐÒВÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQÔÐÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔ ÈÑÒËÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËËÐÅÛȒÐÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇıÏÕÍàÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÅÕÇÈÔÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔВÐÙÔÐÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏВÐÙËÓÍÄ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈ ÆÍËÃÈÔ ÏÄ È’Ð Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÆÑ d±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ( ± )Q∑ QQ g’Ð ÙÍÈÏÝ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÔ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐÊÇÈÓÞV ËV ÇÍÃÓÕÎÎÝ6ÒÃÇÄËÎÈÈÎÐØÈϱÕP6PoÄÒÃÇÝÑÈÒÈÏÐÓÃÔÓÃÏÈÆÓÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆıÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎqÐÃÓÏËÎßÔÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÈÔВÐÉÈÒÃÇÄgÓÍË6 ´ ´ ´ ´ ÔÐ 6  ´ ´  ´ ´  ÓÍÐÉËÆÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓÒÃÇÐÎÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ 6 ´ ´ ´ Ô È ÒÃÇ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ ÔÈ× ÉÈ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÙÔÐ Ë ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇÆÊÃÔÝ×ÔÐÍÞ±ÐÆÇÒՒÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈÑÐßÔÐÎÕ 6 6ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ6 ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕoÈÓÎÐÔÒÃÏıÄÉÕÛÕàÓÃÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓÔÞÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÓÔËÑÒÐÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ× ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÌ ’ÇÈÔÐ ÓÐÆÈÒÚÈÏÄ ’ÒÕÅÄà ÐÚËűÄqÐÇÒÐÅÏÝÌÄÏÄÍËÊÑÒËÙËÏÑÐÒÐÇËÆÚË×ßÔÕÐÚËűÕÇÄÏÆÐÇÏÐÎËÊÓÍÈÇÕàÛË×ÑÕϱÔÐÆ ¢ÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÒáÆݱÒÊÎÇÏÇÏÊÇÂÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄÌÊÓÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÏÊàÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÍÞÏÝ×ÒáÆÐÄdßÔÐÎÑÕϱÔÈÓÏÐÆÄÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄàÔÓÃÒÃÇÝÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÐÐÅÛȒÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄȘ∑ XQ XQ∈ &Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÉÔÎÌÓÄÈÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÞÍÌËÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÞØËÐÅÚÉÐÌÍɒÑÚÎÉÐÑÇÕÉÓÄȘ∑ _XQ_Q ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄqÒËÎÈÏÃñÒËÔÈÒËÌlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇıÒÃÇÕÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÈÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÓÄÈ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÎáÆђÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎÕŲÑÍÐÑÏÉÓQεÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÇÔÉØQ!QεÌÇÔÉØÙÉÎÞØSOQSÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ ∑ _XN_εN± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÃÇQπQLQ˜ VLQ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı∑ QQQ˜ πQLQ VLQ P Q ÄÒÃÇ ∑ Q Ó×ÐÇËÔÓñı QQQ rÃǘ( ± ) Q ±Ä± ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÆÝÚÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÐÇÏıÐ∑ QQ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÏÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐËÅÐÒÃÇÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌËÊÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ×ÆÈÍËÙËÏȒÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÔ È’ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐQ QÇËÔÓô § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÑÐÌÒÓÑÔÕÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔĦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔ ÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃtВÇÄÆÓËÍÕÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃlÐÚËÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆИQSN∑Q _XN_εQSQSNNpÔÓàÇÄËËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ∑ X N P ∑ _XN_ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QQÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QεËÆÓÈ×S ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQSN∑Q XN εbßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÓËÍÕÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÓÔËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÕÓÍÐÆËà lÐÚË ÇÍà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃi Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È sÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÎÈÔÞ Æ ÆËÇÕ ÙÔÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÝÓÕÎÎÝÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÔÞÓÕÎÎÕÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ×ÆÈÍËÙËÏ ÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ× ÐÓÔÄÈÔÓà ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝÎ Ë ÇÍà Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐƘ˜∑ XQ P Q∑ _XQ_QÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÈÍÞÏбВÇÄȒÐÑÒÄÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄÔ È ±Ð’ÇÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà d ßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÍÈÆÄÃÙÄÓÔÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓȒÇÄËÎÈÈÔÓÎÝÓÍÔı±Ä±ËÊÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËȒÐÐÅÝÙÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞvÐÒÎÄÍÞÏÐ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÑÐ ÑÒËÏÃÔÐÎÕ ÏÄÎË ÓВÍÄÚÈÏËàÐÅÕÑÐÔÒÈÅÍÈÏËËÓËÎÆÐÍĘÓÎÑ ËÆÈÒÏÐËÇÍÃÍàÅВÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÕ±ÐÔÐÒВÐÒÃÇÆÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃfÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛȘ’ÐÓÃÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅВÐÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏВÐPQPP∑ XQ P Q∑ _XQ_Q qÈÒÈ×ÐÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËP{˜ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈʘ∑ XPP ÒÃÇÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌËÊÔÈ×ÉÈÙÍÈÏÐÆÙÔÐËÒÃÇÏÐÆÊÃÔÝ×ÆÐÐÅÛȒÐÆÐÒÃÆÇÒՒÐÎÑÐÒÃDZȴ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÌÏÉÉÕÕÖÊÉÔÖÏÏÖ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔ ÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇËÑÕÓÔÞÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÏÄV˜V ∑ XQQqбÄÉÈÎÓÏÄÙÄÍÄÙÔÐÒÃÇÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÅÐÍÈÈÔВРÙÔРȒРÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÄÆÏÄ ÓÕÎÎÈ ÒÃÇÄ Ô È V pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄÙÈÒÈÊVQQVQ ∑ XNNQ ÄÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄ µÙÈÒÈÊV PP VP∑ X NNËÑÐÍÐÉËÎQ˜V ∑ _XQ_V Q ∑ _XN_QQ NiÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐε!ÔВÇÄÆÓËÍÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐ∑Qε Q_XQ_ V´V Q  ε εÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_V´ V Q _ ε˜Q∑Qε X Q P ˜∑Qε Q_XQ_ ε ÒÃdÝÅÈÒÈÎÇÄÍÈÈÏÐÎÈÒPεÔıÙÔÐÅÝÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄV PεÇÄ ÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÍÄ Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ× ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄÆ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÆÓÕÎÎÕV Q ËÏÄÙȒÐÆÐÒÃÏÐÎÈÒPεÔıÐÆÙÔÐεÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÓÏÐÎÈÒÄÎËÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛËÎËQεËÎÈàÔÆÒÃÇÈÏÐÎÈÒÄÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛËÈPεqÕÓÔÞPOPεqÐÍÐÉËÎ V ´V VPQPε_ÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÈÔÓÕÎÎÕÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ×ÆÈÍËÙËÏÓÍÄqÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ_V P Ë Ôı ±Ä± ÏÐÎÈÒÄ ßÔË× ÓÍĒÄÈÎÝגÄÈÎÝ× Æ×ÐÇÃÛË× Æ V PÅÐÍÞÚÈÙÈÎQεÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓÈË×ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÔÓÃÆÓÕÎÎȘ∑Qε Q_P_V P_XQ_ÔÐÆÓËÍÕËÎÈÈΘQ∑Qε _XQ_ε jÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÃËÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÑÒËPOPεεε _ _V´V V _P_V´V __V _ ε_V´V PQPQPεε˜ VÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐ ∑ X PPpÓÔÄÍÐÓÞ ÇбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÔıÉÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÐÍÞ±ÐÙÔÐÇбÄÊÄÏÏВÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËà ÈÓÍË È’Ð ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÞ ± ÒÃÇÕ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñıËÆÓñËÌÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÒÃÇÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËËÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓВÍÄÓÏÐÇбĘ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ× ÆÈÍËÙËÏÊÄÏÏÐÎÕ ÒÃÇ ∑ X PP ÒÃÇÄÏÈÔÐÍÞ±ÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÏÐÅÐÍÈÈÔВÐȒÐÓÕÎÎÄÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓ ÓÕÎÎÐÌÒÃÇÄ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ Ì˜F µ²Å²ÑÉÎÌÆÑÚÌÔÎÑ ÕÑ ÓÄÈ ∑ FXQÕŲÊÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑQÈÌÕÔÄÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËʱÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆËÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄQSQS∑ _FXN_ _F_ N∑Q _XN_N Q´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈޘ˜˜∑ XQ Ì Q∑ YQ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÕQ ÔÄÕÑÌØÔÖÏÏÅ ∑ XQYQÕŲÊÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄQÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËʱÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆËËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄQSQSQS∑ _XNYN_P N∑Q _XN_ N∑Q _YN_N Q´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈޘ∑ XP ÌP ˜∑ YQQ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ ÕÑ ÓÄÈ ÔÑÔÕÅÇÎÉÐÐÞÍ ÌË ÇÔÉÇÑËÏÑÊÐÞØÒÑÒÅÓÐÞØÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÍXPYQÚÎÉÐÑÇàÕÌØÓÄÈÑÇÓÅÔÒÑÎÑÊÉÐÐÞØ Ç ÒÓÑÌËÇÑÎßÐÑÏ ÒÑÓÄÈ²É ÕŲÊÉ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄgÔÎÌÔÖÏÏÅàÕђÑÓÄÈÅÓÅÇÐÅVÅÔÖÏÏÅÓÄÈÑÇÓÅÇÐÅÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑV′ÌV′′Õ É˜ÕÑ∑ XP V′P ˜∑ YQ V′′Q V V′V′′lÐÒÐÙÈ ’ÐÆÐÒà ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇÝÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÏÐÉÄÔÞÑÐÙÍÈÏÏЦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌ ËÊÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ× ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ XPYQ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÐÆÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃiÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÒÃÇ ËÊ ßÔË× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÑÒË ±Ä±ÐÎÔÐ Ë× ÑÐÒÃÇ±È ÔÐ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÐÔÓàÇÄ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞȒÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞËÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÇÒՒÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈÙÍÈÏÐÆ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉËÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà XPYP Æ ÑÐÒÃDZÈÕÇÐÅÏÐÎÇÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÝfÍÃȒÐÐÑËÓÄÏËÃÓÐÓÔÄÆËÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÕà ÔÄÅÍËØÕ ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÐÆXYXYXYQXYXYXYQXPYXPYXPYQsÐÓÔÄÆËÎËÊßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆßÔÐÌÔÄÅÍËØÝÒÃÇXYXYXYXYÆ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÈÈ ßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÝ Æ ÑÐÒÃÇ±È ÑбÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÏÄ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌ ÏËÉÈ Ó×ÈÎÈ ’ÇÈ ÏÄ ÎÈÓÔÈ ±ÄÉÇВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃËÊÔÄÅÍËØÝÕ±ÄÊÄÏȒÐÑÐÒÃDZÐÆÝÌÏÐÎÈұıÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄ fбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ô È ÙÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ_XY__XY__XY__XY_fÍà ßÔÐ’Ð Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË È’Ð ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÇбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÑбÒÄÌÏÈÌÎÈÒÈÐÇÏÄВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÄÃÓÆÈÒ×Õ ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ È’Ð ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÓÎ ÍÈÎÎÕ Ñ qÐÍÐÉËȘV ′ ∑ _XP_ V ′′ ∑ _YQ_PQQQV Q′ ∑ _XN_ V′′Q ∑ _YN_NNËÙÈÒÈÊV QÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇÄtВÇÄÇÍÃßÔË×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÐÒÃDZÄQÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞV _XY_ V V′′PV ′ V ′′V _XY__XY__XY__XY__X__X__Y__Y_ V ′ V′′ PV ′ V ′′ V Q _XY__XYQ__XQYQ__XQY__X__XQ__Y__YQ_ V Q′ V Q′′PV ′ V ′′ÑÒËÙÈÎ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ Æ ÑÒÄÆÝ×ÙÄÓÔÃ×ßÔË×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÔÐÃÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÆÈÍËÙËÏÝjÔı ÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ^V Q ` ÒÃÇÄВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄËÍàÅВÐÒÃÇÄÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÐÌ È’Ð ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÍàÅÐÌÒÃǘ∑ Y PN Y QN N ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÝÌËÊÆÓÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÝ×ÑÐÑÄÒÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌXPYQÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÐÆÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÑÒËÔÐÎÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐfÍÃÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÕÈÎÓÃÔÈÎÙÔÐÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ È’Ð ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÑÐÒÃDZÄȒÐÙÍÈÏÐÆËÓÏÐÆÄÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉËÎË×ÏÄËÅÐÍÈÈÕÇÐÅÏÝÎÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎËÎÈÏÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÐÆÄÒÃÇpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎÙÈÒÈÊVQȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝËÑÐÍÐÉËÎQV Q′ ∑ XNNQV Q′′ ∑ YNNbÏÄÍВËÙÏÐÔÐÎձıßÔÐÓÇÈÍÄÏÐÆÝÚÈÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎV Q XXQYXQ V Q′ V Q′′qÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÕÉÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐÙÔÐÒÃÇÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÑÒÐÓÔÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍ OLP V Q VËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP V Q VsВÍÄÓÏÐÉÈQ→˜Q→˜ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÝËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄOLP V Q′ V′ OLP V Q′′ V′′Q→˜Q→˜qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÈÒÈÌÇñÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÑÒËQ{˜ÑÐÍÕÙËÎV V′V′′Ô ÈtÈÐÒÈÎݵÑбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÙÔÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÒÃÇÐÆ ÆÐ ÎÏВÐÎ ÑÐ×ÐÉË ÏÄ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÆÈÍËÙËÏÄÓÕÎÎÝÔıВÐÒÃÇÄÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇÝÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÎÏÐÉÄÔÞÑÐÙÍÈÏÏÐ Ë Ô Ñ d ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÇбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆÏÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐßÔËÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÏÈËÎÈàÔÎÈÓÔÄi Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È d ÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈ ßÔВРÑÕϱÔÄ ÑÐÇÙÈÒ±ÏÈÎÙÔÐ ±Ð’ÇÄ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÒÃÇÄ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ËÍË ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈ ÏÐÎÈÏÃàÛËÈÊÏıÆÐÑÒÐÓÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔВÐÒÃÇÄÏÈÍÞÊÃÒÈÚËÔÞÔÐÍÞ±Ð Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà «ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÕÅÝÆÄÏËì Q’Ð ÙÍÈQ( ± ) ËÎÈàÔÐÇËÏÄoÄÑÒËÎÈÒQÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ Ë ∑ QQQ Q ÏıÐÆÝÌÑÐÒÃÇбÓÎÑ ÆÔ ÑÒËQ{˜ÐÇÏıÐÑÈÒÆÝÌÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÆÔÐÒÐÌ µÓ×ÐÇËÔÓؘ˜cÐÍÈÈÔВÐÏÈÔÒÕÇÏÐÑÒËÆÈÓÔËÑÒËÎÈÒÇÆÕ×ÒÃÇÐÆ ∑ XQËQ˜∑ YQQÈÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝXQ∼YQQ Q ÏÐÐÇËÏÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÒՒÐÌÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÔıË×ÒÃÇÐÆÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎQ( ± )XQ QËÒÃÇÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎQ± ) YQ (Q( Q ) OQ ( Q )sÐÇÏÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÊÇÈÓÞXQ∼YQQ Ôı±Ä±Q( ± ) QYQQQ( ± )( Q ) OQ ( Q ) QXQ( Q ) OQ ( Q )( ± )QY˜Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP Q s ÇÒՒÐÌ ÓÔÐÒÐÏÝ ∑ XQ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÃQ→˜ XQQ˜ÇÐÎÆËÇÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃrÃÇÉÈ ∑ YQÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔQ ÓÃdÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÓÃÅÝËÒÃÇYQ´XQ ∑ ∑OQQ()(Q )Q Q ˜˜Ô ÈÒÃDZÐÔÐÒÝ̱ıÎÝÆËÇÈÍËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃcÝÍÐ ÅÝ ÐÚËűÐÌ ÐÇÏıРÓÙËÔÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËÒÍÄÆÏÐÌÙÄÓÔ˒ÐÇËÔÓÃÍËÚÞÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÐÆÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËËÎÈàÛËÎËÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÊÏınÈÔÐÇÆÝÇÈÍÈÏËÒÍÄÆÏÐÌ ÙÄÓÔË ÎÐÉÈÔ Ó ÕÓÑÈ×ÐÎ ÑÒËÎÈÏÃÔÞÓà ÇÍà ÆÝÃÓÏÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÍàÅÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ sÕÔÞ ßÔВРÎÈÔÐÇÄ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÐÓÏÐÆÄÏÄÏÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËËÑÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃǘ∑ XQgÓÍËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞȒÐÙÍÈÏÝÆÆËÇÈXQ YQZQ’ÇÈÒÃÇQ ˜˜∑ ZQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÒÃÇ Q∑ XQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÆÒÈQ ˜ÎÈÏÏÐ Ó ÒÃÇÐÎ ∑ YQ ÑÐÙÈÎÕ" qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËØQÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐÑÐÑÝÔÄÔÞÓÃÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞQȒÐÙÍÈÏÝÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÆÆËÇÈXQ YQZQÔıÙÔÐÅÝZ 2 Qα ˜ÑÒËα!tВÇÄÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±ÕÒÃÇ ∑ ZQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÇÄÉÈÄÅÓÐQ ÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÇÄÏÏВРÒÃÇÄ ÓÆÐÇËÔÓà ± ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËà˜Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ YQÔÐÔÑÒËÈαÐÏÈÙÏÐØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÈÏQ→˜˜Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚËÌÓà ÒÃÇ ∑ YQ ÑÒÐÛÈ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐQ ÆÄÔÞÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÙÈÎÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÓÒÓÄÏÄÍВËÙÏÝÎËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÏÔȒÒÄÍÐÆÆÑ rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇÓÐÅÛËÎÙÍÈÏÐα ) XQ OQ (QQtı±Ä±ÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÆÑ 2[OQ [ [´ [ÔÐ ± ) ´ 2  XQ ( QQQQ[{Q{˜( ± ) ´ ËZQ XQ´YQrÃÇ ∑ YQÒÄÓ×ÐqÐÍÐÉËÎYQ QQ˜QQÇËÔÓñıÒÄÊÏÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÐÆËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÇËÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÒՒÐ̘ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃrÃÇÉÈ ∑ ZQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÇÄÉÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔı±Ä±Q  ZQ 2  Q Q{˜˜tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ×ÐÔà ȒЫ’ÍÄÆÏÄÃÙÄÓÔÞ¬ ∑QQQ˜( ± ) ËÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÅÐÌÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃQÒÃÇtÈÎÓÄÎÝÎßÔËÒÃÇÝÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÈÛÈÐÇÏËÎÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÇÆÕ×ÒÃÇÐÆ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÝÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËËʱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÐÇËÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÒՒÐÌÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ±ÒÊÉÏÂÌʦÂÍÂÎÃÇÒÂʬÐÚÊÆÍáÑÒÐÊÉÄÐÍÞÏÝ×ÙÊÓÍÐÄÝ×ÒáÆÐÄgÓÍËÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÙËÓÍÐÆВÐÒÃÇÄXQ XQ∈&Q ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈTTÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐXQ PTXQËÍËX Q PTQÔÐ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ lÐÚË ÓÎÑ ÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÑÒËÔÐÎÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐgÓÍËÉÈÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐËÍËXQ OXQX Q OQÔÐÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÄÎfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄËlÐÚËÎÐÉÏÐÍËÚÞÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÔÞÙÔÐ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÒÃÇ ËÊ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÝ× ÆÈÍËÙËÏ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÃÇÄ˜Ô ÈÒÃÇ ∑ _XQ_ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙÔÐÍËÚÞÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÊÄQ ÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐoÄÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈËÊËËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÄÏÏÝÌÒÃÇ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ±Ä± ÆËÇÏÐ ËÊÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÄ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä fÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄ ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏĘ±Ä lÐÚË ÑÒËÎÈÏËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ± ÒÃÇÕ ∑ _XQ_ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ë Q Æ Ñ ÑÒË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËË ±ÄÉÇВРËÊ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌ Ë Æ ÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^_XQ_` ÏÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^XQ` Ô È ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄqÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÈ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ë ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÔıÉÈ ÐÅÝÙÏÐÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÒÓÌËÐŲÅÏÌfÅÎÅÏÆÉÓÅÌlÑÛÌ ³×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÒáÆÝÏÇÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÂÃÓÐÍàÔÏдÇÐÒÇβÊÎÂÏÂgÓÍËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔıËÈÒÃÇÝËÏВÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ÖÔÎÑÇÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÌÔÄ ÔÐ ±Ä± ÏËÉÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐÕÉÈ ÏÈÍÞÊà ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÆËÆ È’Ð ÙÍÈÏÝ Æ ÇÒՒÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓñÔÐÌÉÈÓÕÎÎÈÒÃÇqÄÒÄÇбÓƱÐÏØÈÑ ËÐÅÜÃÓÏÃÈÔÓÃßÔËÎÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÎÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÌÔÄÎÒÃÇÐÔÍËÙÄÍÓÃÑÐÒÃDZÐÎÙÍÈÏÐÆÐÔÊÄÇÄÏÏВРÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓà ÏÐ ÏÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÒÃÇÄ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕÏÈÍÞÊÃÅÝÍÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÄÔÞÙÔÐȒÐÓÕÎÎÄÔıÉÈÒÄÆÏÄ6cÐÍÈÈÔВÐÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÈÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÙÔÐßÔÐÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈÔıjÔıÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×Ô È±ÐÎÎÕÔÄÔËÆÏÝÌÊıÐÏÓÍÐÉÈÏËÃÏÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÄÇÍÃÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆgÓÍËÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÒÃÇÈӒÒÕÑÑËÒÐÆÄÔޱıËÎÍËÅÐÐÅÒÄÊÐÎȒÐÙÍÈÏÝÏÈÏÄÒÕÚÄÃË×ÑÐÒÃDZÄËÓÍÐÉËÔÞÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚȒÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÇÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ËÓ×ÐÇÏВРÒÃÇÄ qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÅÕÇÈÔÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃËÆÏÐÆÞÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÑÒËÙÈÎÓÕÎÎÝÐÅÐË×ÒÃÇÐÆÐÇËÏıÐÆÝpÇÏıÐÈÓÍËÇÄÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÆÔÐÒÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÎÐÉÈÔ Ó×ÐÇËÔÞÓà oÄÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇ´´´ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃpÅÜÈÇËÏËÆÉÈÑÐÑÄÒÏÐȒÐÙÍÈÏÝ´´´ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ’ÐÆÐÒà ÇÍà ÒÃÇÐÆÏÈÆÈÒÈÏËÄÓÓÐØËÄÔËÆÏÝÌÊıÐÏÓÍÐÉÈÏËÃrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÏÐ ÏÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÒÃÇÐÆÓÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËqÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃǘ∑ XQQ ’ÇÈXQQ µÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ X X X Q ȒРÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙÍÈÏÝX QOÄÙÈÒÈÊ´X ´´X ´´X Q´È’ÐÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÙÍÈÏÝX Q´!ÆÊÃÔÝÈÆÔÐÎÑÐÒÃDZÈƱıÐÎÐÏËÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÝÆÒÃÇÈrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇÝÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄ΢∑ X QQ ˜∑ X Q´Q pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ ÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔ ÍËÚÞ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ× ÐÔ ÏÕÍà ËÍË ÒÃÇ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒВРÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ ÐÔ ÏÕÍà ÓÐÓÔÐËÔ ÍËÚÞËÊ ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÙËÓÍÄ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÔÐ ÏÄÙËÏÄÃ Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒВРÏÐÎÈÒÄÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝËÓ×ÐÇÏВÐÒÃÇÄËÎÈàÔÐÇËÏËÔÐÔÉÈÊÏıËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏРȒРÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÈÓÍËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔÐÐÅÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ^X Q`Ë^X Q´`ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈ­ § ® ® ¢ gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÑÐÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÕÑÑÆÅÓÄÈÅÌÓÅÔØÑÈÄÕÔĦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÐÍÐÉËÎQQVQ ∑ XNV Q ∑ _XN_NQV Q ∑ X NNNQV Q´ ∑ X N´NdÓÈÓÍĒÄÈÎÝÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÏË×ÔÒÈ×ÓÕÎÎ V Q V QË V Q´ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËßÔË×ÓÕÎÎÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄàÔËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈàÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÝsÕÎÎÝVQËV QÎÐÉÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆËÔÞÆÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÎÆËÇÈ ´V ´VQ V PN V ´V Q V PNQ PNPËNÊÄÆËÓÃÔÐÔQÇÍÃÇÄÏÏВÐÒÃÇÄÑÒËßÔÐÎÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÃQ±ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÎÕÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËà ± ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔË N Ë P fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÅÝ ÑÒËQ{˜ÏÐÎÈÒÄP PQÏÐÎÈÒÄN NQÏÈÓÔÒÈÎËÍËÓÞÅݱÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÔÐßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÍÐÅÝÙÔÐÆÒÃÇÈËÎÈÈÔÓÃÍËÚÞ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙÍÈÏÐÆ Ä Æ ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÍÓà ÅÝ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÍÐÅÝÕÓÍÐÆËàÍÈÎÎÝpÅÒÄÔÏÐÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÙÔÐÑÒËN{˜ËP{˜ËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐQ{˜ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÓËÍÕÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄqÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÄßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐOLP V Q ˜Q→˜qÐßÔÐÎÕ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÑÐ ±ÒÄÌÏÈÌ ÎÈÒÈ ÐÇËÏ ËÊÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆOLP V Q OLP V Q´Q→˜Q→˜ÔıÉÈÒÄÆÈϘoÐÔВÇÄËÊÓÐÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÃƱÐÔÐÒÐÎÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ VQ ÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓà ± ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÕ ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÔÐËÇÒՒÐÌËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆÔıÉÈÒÄÆÈϘÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇÝËÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓô § ° ² § ® ¢ ÔÇÐÒÇΠ²ÊÎÂÏ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÑ ÐÉ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÕÑ ²Å²ÑÇÑ ÆÞ ÐÌ ÆÞÎÑ ÚÌÔÎÑ $ ÏÑÊÐÑÕŲÒÉÓÉÔÕÅÇÌÕßÚÎÉÐÞàÕђÑÓÄÈÅÚÕÑÔÖÏÏÅÒÑÎÖÚÌÇÛɒÑÔÄÓÄÈÅÆÖÈÉÕÓÅÇÐÅ$¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð sÏÐÆÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÒÃÇÝ ËsВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎȘ ˜∑ XPP ˜∑ X N´ ˜N qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÐÙËÓÍÐ$dÝÅÈÒÈÎËÊÒÃÇÄÑÐÇÒÃÇÓÔÐÍÞ±ÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÙÔÐÅÝË×ÓÕÎÎÄÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÍÄ$ËÙÔÐÅÝÎÈÏÞÚÈÈÙËÓÍÐÔıË×ÙÍÈÏÐÆÏÈÐÅÍÄÇÄÍÐßÔËÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎÔ ÈË×ÓÕÎÎÄÅÝÍÄÏÈÅÐÍÞÚÈ$tÐÙÏÈÈÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÙËÓÍÐQÔıÙÔÐÅÝX X X Q !$ÑÒËÙÈÎÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱВÇÄÏÐÎÈÒQ ÏÈÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔßÔÐÎÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÆÝÅÐÒ Q ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÎ ÈÛÈ ÔıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙÔÐÅÝÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÔıÉÈËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐX X X QP$µsÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQÇÍñÐÔÐÒÝ×ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÇÍà ÔВРÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÒË ßÔÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞ Ë ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÏÄÇÐ ÆÊÃÔÞ ÏÄËÎÈÏÞÚËÌ ËÊßÔË×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQdÝÅÈÒÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞËÊÒÃÇÄÑÐÇÒÃÇÓÔÐÍÞ±ÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÙÔÐÅÝÆÝÙÔÃË×ÓÕÎÎÕËÊÓÕÎÎÝÕÉÈÏÄÅÒÄÏÏÝ×ËÊÒÃÇÄÙÍÈÏÐÆÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÎÈÏÞÚÈÈ$ËÙÔÐÅÝÎÈÏÞÚÈÈÙËÓÍÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÒÃÇÄÕÉÈÏÈÐÅÍÄÇÄÍÐßÔËÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÎtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÝÅÈÒÈÎËÊÒÃÇÄQÑÈÒÆÝ×ÙÍÈÏÐÆÔıÙÔÐÅÝX X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ $ÑÒËÙÈÎ Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ±Ð’ÇÄ ÏÐÎÈÒ Q ÏÈ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔßÔÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËàÆÝÅÈÒÈÎQÔıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÙÔÐÅÝÑÒËßÔÐÎÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÈÛÈËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐX X Q´X ´´´X Q´O$µµsÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈ ÔıВРÏÐÎÈÒÄ Q ÇбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ËÓ×ÐÇà ËÊÄÏÄÍВËÙÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËàÏÐÎÈÒÄQsÏÐÆÄÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÑÐÇÒÃÇËÊÒÃÇÄÙÍÈÏÝÇÐÏȱÐÔÐÒВÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQÔıÙÔÐÅÝÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÍÐÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐX X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ X QX Q !$ËÑÒËQ!QÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐX X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ X QX QµP$qÒÐÇÐÍÉÄÃßÔÐÔÑÒÐØÈÓÓÇÄÍÈÈÑÐÍÕÙËÎÒÃÇX X Q ´X ´´´X Q´ X Q´X QX Q ´´ ´´X Q fÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎV Q V Q Q V Q Q V Q Q N NNÆÓËÍÕÑÐÓÔÒÐÈÏËÃÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄV Q !$V Q Q $V Q Q !$ÑÒËÙÈÎÐÔ±ÍÐÏÈÏËÈÐÔÙËÓÍÄ$±ÄÉÇÐÌËÊÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎV Q QÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄÈÔÈÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÏȒÐÙÍÈÏÄNN_$´V QN QN _PX Q¥NiÇÈÓÞX Q¥ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÆÈÍËÙËÏÐÌÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄNÓ ÏÐÎÈÒÐÎ QN Ë ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎ ÆÈÒ×ÏËÎ ËÏÇȱÓÐÎ «¬ËÍË«´¬dÓËÍÕÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËËÓ×ÐÇÏВÐÒÃÇÄËÎÈÈÎ OLP XQ Q→˜ËÔı±Ä±ÑÒËN{˜ÏÐÎÈÒÙÍÈÏÄ X Q¥ ÆÒÃÇÈÔıÉÈNÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñ˜ÔÐOLP X Q¥ N→˜NqÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐOLP V QN→˜N QN $gÓÍËÔÈÑÈÒÞÆÊÃÔÞÍàÅÕàÙÄÓÔËÙÏÕàÓÕÎÎÕVQÒÃÇÄQ!QQÔÐÆÓËÍÕ±ÐÏÓÔÒÕ±ØËËßÔВÐÒÃÇÄÆÓȒÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÏÄÌÔËÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒN NQÙÔÐÅÕÇÈÔËÎÈÔÞÎÈÓÔÐÍËÅÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÍËÅÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐP VQ P V QN QN OVQO V QN QN VQN QN VQN QN ÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐËOLP VQ $Q→˜uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÐ ÏÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÔıÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÆËÔÞȒÐÙÍÈÏÝÙÔÐÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÝÌÒÃÇÅÕÇÈÔÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃdÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÎÐÉÏÐÓÇÈÍÄÔÞÔıÙÔÐÅÝȒÐÓÕÎÎÄÅÝÍÄÒÄÆÏÄ ˜ ´˜ Ä ÔıÉÈ Ë Ôı ÙÔÐÅÝ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ È’Ð ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÏÈËÎÈÍÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÏËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄ ±ÒÇÐÃÒÂÉÐÄÂÏÊÇ¢ÃÇÍá±ÒÊÉÏÂÌÊÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔʦÊÒÊ×ÍÇÊ¢ÃÇÍád ßÔÐÎ ÑÕϱÔÈ ÅÕÇÕÔ ÇбÄÊÄÏÝ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ë Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÑÒ˒ÐÇÏÝÈËÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÓ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËqÒÈÇÆÄÒËÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÐÇÏÐÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÓÕÎÎÆËÇÄ6 DEDEDQEQ’ÇÈDLELL Q µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄqÐÍÐÉËÎÔВÇÄË% E% EE%Q EEEQE %E %´%EQ %Q´%Q´6 D%D%´%DQ%Q´%Q´rÄÓ±ÒÝÆ Ó±ÐÅ±Ë Ë ’ÒÕÑÑËÒÕà ÑÐÏÐÆÐÎÕ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ6 D´D%D´D%DQ´´DQ%Q´DQ%QtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎбÐÏÙÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÎÈÈÎQQµ∑ DLEL L ∑ DL´DL%LDQ%QL qÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÈÓÕÎÎÆËÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÓÉÑÆÓÅËÑÇÅÐÌÉÏbÆÉÎÄÐÏÐÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÆËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÎÓÎÝÓÍÈÄÏÄÍВÐÎËÏÔȒÒËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÑÐÙÄÓÔÃÎÔÄÄÏÄÍВËÃÐÓÐÅÈÏÏÐÅÒÐÓÄÈÔÓÃÍÄÊÄÈÓÍËÖÐÒÎÕÍÕÊÄÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈQQµ∑ DL%L´%L´ DQ%Q´D%´ L ∑ DL´DL%LL fбÄÉÈÎÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÑÒÈÐÅÒÄÊÐÆÄÏËÃbÅÈÍÃÍÈÎÎÕ­ § ® ® ¢ ÏÇÒÂÄÇÏÓÔÄТÃÇÍágÔÎÌÌÎÌÌDLODLL Q´DLPDLL Q´_EEL_P%ÕÑEL∈&L QQ∑ DLEL P%_D__DQ_L ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä ÐsВÍÄÓÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎËÍËÆÓÈÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËDL´DLÆÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÐÇÏВÐÊÏıÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓËÍÕßÔÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÝËÕÓÍÐÆËÃËÎÈÈÎQQQµ∑ DLEL P L ∑ _DL´DL´_ _%L__DQ_ _%Q_P%  L ∑ DL´DL _DQ_ L %_D´DQ__DQ_P%_D__DQ_dÄÉÏÐ ÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞ ÆÏËÎÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ÔÐ ÙÔÐ Æ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ bÅÈÍÃÐØÈ챀 ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÌ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÇÄÈÔÓà ÙÈÒÈÊ ÑÈÒÆÝÌ Ë ÑÐÓÍÈÇÏËÌÈÈÙÍÈÏÝËÏ ÈÊ Ä Æ Ë Ó Ë ÔÐÔÙËÓÍÄÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×ÆßÔÐÌÓÕÎÎÈ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̦ÊÒÊ×ÍÇqÖÔÕßÈÅÐÓÄȘ∑ DQEQQ ÕŲÑÍÚÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^DQ`ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎáÅÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏ^%Q`ÓÄÈŘ∑ EQ EQ∈& Q Q ђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÕђÈÅÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄjÊßÔË× ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÄDLL QÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏݦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^%Q`ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐ%!ÙÔÐ_%Q_P%ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q pÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅВÐQ ËÍàÅВÐØÈÍВÐSOQSL∑Q EL _%QS´%Q´_P_%QS__%Q´_P%qÕÓÔÞÊÄÇÄÏÐε!jÊÕÓÍÐÆËà OLP DQ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔQ→˜ÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıВÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐε_DQ_%QStÈÑÈÒÞÑÒËÎÈÏËÆÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐbÅÈÍñÓÕÎÎÈ ∑ DLELL ’ÇÈQ!QεËÑÒËÏÃÆÆÐÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄËÑÐÍÕÙËÎQSL∑Q DL EL P%_DQ__DQS_εÐÔÓàÇÄ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË Ë ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ∑QVLQQα QqÒÈÉÇÈÆÓȒÐÈÓÍËα πPP ¥¥ÔÐQNQ∑ VLQ Nα N∑QαFRV  N µ  α µ FRV  N  α VLQ VLQNα∑N αα VLQ VLQ QQFRV α µ FRV  Q  αVLQ αVLQ α αα VLQ VLQ QËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ∑ VLQ Nαα P αNQNVLQ gÓÍË ÉÈ α πP P ¥ ¥ ÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ÓÕÎÎ∑ VLQ NαÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàÑÐßÔÐÎÕßÔËÓÕÎÎÝÑÒËÍàÅÐÎQÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒËÆÓÈ×αQÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ VLQ NαВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝN Q sÇÒՒÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ   ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÕÅÝÆÄÈÔËÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfËÒË×ÍÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎαbÏÄÍВËÙÏÐÒÃÇÕËÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÓÃÒÃǘ∑QFRVQα Qtı±Ä±ÑÒËα πPP ¥ ¥ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQQα ∑ VLQ FRV NαFRV Nα ∑αN N VLQ Qα ∑ VLQ NVLQ  N α´VLQ  N´ α αQQαVLQ  Q  α µ VLQ VLQ FRV α ααVLQ VLQ ÔÐÇÍÃÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÝ×αÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQ∑ FRV Nαα PαN VLQ ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÑÒËÏØËÑÕfËÒË×ÍÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×α πPP ¥¥gÓÍËÉÈα πPP ¥ ¥ÔÐÒÃÇÆÐÔÍËÙËÈ ÐÔ ÒÃÇÄ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı ±Ä± ÐÏ ÑÒÈÆÒÄÛÄÈÔÓà ƒÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇiÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒËÊÏı mÈÌÅÏËØÄ ÓÎ Ñ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊÑÒËÊÏıÄfËÒË×ÍÈfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÆÒÃÇȘ∑ ´QDQQ ’ÇÈ DQ O DQ ! ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ EQ ´Q ÔÐ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÓÕÎÎÝEEQQ ÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàËÍËÈÇËÏËØÈËÑÐßÔÐÎÕВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝËÊÏÄÙËÔÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕfËÒË×ÍÈÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃjÊ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ bÅÈÍà ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞ ÈÛÈ ÐÇËÏÑÒËÊÏıÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂÌ ¢ÃÇÍá gÔÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ^DQ`˜ÏÑÐÑÕÑÐÐÅÌђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÅÓÄÈ ∑ EQEQ∈ &Q ÔØÑQ ÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÓÄÈÕŲÊÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔĦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓËÍÕВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^DQ`ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_DQ_P0˜qÕÓÔÞÔÈÑÈÒÞÊÄÇÄÏÐε!jÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ∑ EQÓÍÈÇÕQ ÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıВÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QεQSε qÐËÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ∑ EL  0L QßÔÐÎÕ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ Q ! Qε Ë ÆÓÈ× ØÈÍÝ× S O ÓВÍÄÓÏÐÍÈÎÎÈ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQSLε _D __DQS_Pε∑Q DL EL  0 Qd ÓËÍÕ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ßÔÐ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃpÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÎÐÉÈÔÅÝÔÞÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÄËËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔËËВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^DQ` ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ D OLP DQ Ë ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄQ→˜ÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞFQ DQ´DQ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ± ÏÕÍà qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÉÈ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎΘÒÃÇÄ ∑ EQВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔı±Ä±ßÔÐÔÒÃÇÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÔQ˜Óà qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÃÇ ∑ FQEQ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà oȘQFQEQ DQEQ´DEQËÒÃÇ ∑ DEQ D ∑ EQÔıÉÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃsÍÈQ Q ÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбıÓÕÎÎÄÇÆÕ×Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÃǘ˜˜∑ DQEQ Q∑ FQEQD Q∑ EQQ ± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇĘ∑πVLQQDFRV Q OQ OQ QQ ˜VLQQDiÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ∑ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏıÕQ OQ OQ QfËÒË×ÍÈ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±OQ OQ Q˜ÏÕÍà Ä ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÄ ∑ VLQ QαQ ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÓÎ ÑÒÈÇÝÇÕÛËÌ ÑÒËÎÈÒ qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÉÈFRV π Q ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕbÅÈQÍÃÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×α ¢ÓÊÎÑÔÐÔÊÙÇÓÌÐÇÑÐÄÇÆÇÏÊÇÐÓÔÂÔÌÐÄÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄÊÙÂÓÔÊÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒÂÓ×ÐÆáÛÊ×ÓáÒáÆÐÄqÐÇÐÅÏÐÏÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏÝÎËÏÔȒÒÄÍÄÎÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÅÝÆÄÈÔÏÕÉÏÐÐÔÆÈÔËÔÞ ÏÈ ÔÐÍޱРÏÄ ÆÐÑÒÐÓ ÐÅ Ë× Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÏÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÐØÈÏËÔÞÈÈÓ±ÐÒÐÓÔÞÄÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÆÝÃÓÏËÔÞ×ÄÒıÔÈÒÑÐÆÈÇÈÏËÃȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÑÒËÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËËË×ÏÐÎÈÒĘdÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÃÇÐÆÆËÇÄ ∑ IQ’ÇÈI µÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÕÅÝQ ÆÄàÛÄà ÖÕϱØËà ÏÄ ÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÈ ÆÐÑÒÐÓÝ ËÏВÇÄ ÕÇÄÈÔÓà ÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÐÔÆÈÔÝÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÎÈÔÐÇÄÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏВÐÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈ ËÏÔȒÒÄÍÞÏВРÑÒËÊÏÄ±Ä Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓÎ Ñ ˜fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÒÃÇ ∑ IQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ×ÐQ˜ÇËÔÓÃËËÏÔȒÒÄÍ ∫ I[ G[ÔÐÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËƱıÐÅÝÙÏÐÙÈÒÈÊUQÐÓÔÄÔбÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎВÐÒÃÇÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐUQ ˜N˜N˜N´QINP ∑∑∫ I[ G[ ∫ I[ G[QN QÔÐËÈÓÔÞËÓ±ÐÎÄÃÐØÈϱÄÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄÒÃÇÄÑбÄÊÝÆÄàÛÄÃÙÔÐÑÒË Q { ˜ ßÔÐÔ ÐÓÔÄÔб ÕÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÏÈ ÎÈÇÍÈÏÏÈÈ ÙÈÎ ËÏÔȒÒÄ͘∫ I[ G[QbÏÄÍВËÙÏÐÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃËÐØÈϱÄÓÏËÊÕÇÍÃÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄÒÃÇÄUQ ˜N˜N˜NQINO ∑∑∫ I[ G[ ∫ I[ G[QN QgÓÍËI[ µÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÄÃÕÅÝÆÄàÛÄÃÖÕϱØËÃÑÒË[OÔÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÍÕÙËÔÞÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÈÐØÈϱËÇÍÃÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÒØÇÄ ∑ IQ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈ ÐÔ ÔВРÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ßÔÐÔ ÒÃÇ ËÍË ÏÈÔQ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÈ ÐÔ ÔВРÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ËÍË ÒÄÓ×ИÇËÔÓÃËÏÔȒÒÄÍ ∫ I[ G[iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐNPIN´ ∫ I[ G[PIN´INNËÑÒÐÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÆßÔËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÑÐNÐÔÇÐQÑÐÍÕÙËÎQQ∑ IN´ ∫ I[ G[PI´IQIN jÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ×ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞQQ∑ IN´ ∫ I[ G[ Q N ÎÐÏÐÔÐÏÏÐÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÈÔËВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÆÈÒ×ÕÑÐßÔÐÎÕÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓñ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÕjÏÄÙȒÐÆÐÒÃÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃFÙÔÐQQ∑ IN´ ∫ I[ G[ FN OLPQ→˜ÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆÆËÇÈQQ∑ IN ∫ I[ G[FεQ Q N ˜’ÇÈ OLP εQ pÏÐ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ ∑ IQ ÒÄÓQ→˜QQ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔРȒРÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ IN Ó ÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞà ÇÐN ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÄÍÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÒÄÓÔÕÔ Ôı ÉÈ ±Ä±Q∫ I[ G[F’ÇÈF µÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃpÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔQQÙÔÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝ ∑ INËËÏÔȒÒÄÍ ∫ I[ G[ÄÓËÎÑÔÐN ÔËÙÈÓ±Ë ÒÄÆÏÝ ÑÒË Q { ˜ Ô È Ë× ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËÈ ÓÔÒÈÎËÔÓà ±ÈÇËÏËØÈÑÒËQ{˜QQ∑ IN∼ ∫ I[ G[ Q{˜N ± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ’ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌ ÒÃÇQ∑ ±ÐQ QÔÐÒÝÌÑÐÍĒÄÃI[ [OÊÄÑËÚÈÎÆÆËÇÈ ∑ IQ[˜QvÕϱØËà I[ [ O ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎ[Q OQ Q ËÊ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏВÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ë ÑÐÓ±ÐÍÞ±Õ ∫ G[[ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ&ÙÔÐ OQ Q&εQQQ ’ÇÈ OLP εQ ÔÄÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃ&ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÑÍÍÎÉQ→˜ÓÅiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐOQ Q´OQ Q OQ  {ÑÒËQ{˜QÆÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÎÐÉÏÐÊÄÎÈÏËÔÞOQ QÏÄOQ QÑÒËßÔÐαÐÏÈÙÏÐËÊÎÈÏËÔÓÃËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞεQÏÐÐÏÄÐÓÔÄÏÈÔÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà OQ Q&εQQQ màÅÐÑÝÔÏÐÊÄÎÈÔËÔÞÙÔÐÇÐÓË×ÑÐÒÏÈÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÆÝÃÓÏËÔÞÑÒËÒÐÇÕ ßÌÍÈÒÐÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌ Æ ÔÐÎ ÓÎÝÓÍÈ ÙÔÐ ÏÈËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÇÄÉÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÍËÐÏÄÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎËÍËÏÈÔjÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ∼OQ QQ{˜Qα αQ [OÔВÇÄdÐÊÞÎÈÎÖÕϱØËàI[ [α rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃÇQ∫˜∑Q G[( Q ) µ α µ α µα[jÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍ Ë ÇÍà ÇÄÏÏВРÓÍÕÙÄà ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÄÃÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃFαÙÔе(Q ) α FαεQαµαµαQ’ÇÈ OLP εQ pÔÓàÇÄÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐQ→˜µαQ α ∼ αQµαα α!Q ËÊÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐdÊÃÆÓÏÐÆÄƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÖÕϱØËËIÖÕϱØËà [α˜G[ ∫ α[αµ()Q α µ Q rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÒÃǘ∑Q ÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍËÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎÐÔ±ÕÇĘ P ∑ α P ( α µ )Q α µ ( α µ )( Q )α µ N Q Q ∼ UQ ∑ α( α µ )Q α µ N Q Q rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ˜∑ Q QnÝÕÉÈÊÏÄÈÎÙÔÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÙÔÐȒÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÒÄÆÈÏÙËÓÍÕHÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒÆÑ H ∑ Q QpØÈÏËÎÐÓÔÄÔбUQßÔВÐÒÃÇĘ PUQ ∑ Q( Q )(Q )( Q )N Q ( N )˜  ( Q )Q(Q )Q  ( Q ) µ QQ ( Q )QQsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËVQ µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄÒÃÇÄÔÐH VQUQËÆÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄÓÍÈÇÕàÛÄÃÐØÈϱÄÑВÒÈÚÏÐÓÔËÑÒËÊÄÎÈÏÈHÏÄVQH´VQ QQtıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÙËÓÍÐ H ÎÐÉÏÐ ÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏÏÐ ÆÝÙËÓÍÃÔÞÆ ÆËÇÈÓÕÎÎÝ QÑÒËÙÈÎÑÐÍÕÙÈÏÏÄÃÐØÈϱÄÕ±ÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÔÐÙÏÐÓÔÞÑÐÍÕÙÄàÛË×ÓÃÑÒËÅÍËÉÈÏËÌGHIi Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ θQ UQQQ ÔÐ ËÊ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎθQËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÖÐÒÎÕÍÝθQQQH θQ Q QpÔÓàÇÄÍȒ±ÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÐHÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃËÒÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËÅÝHÅÝÍÐÒÄØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÎÙËÓÍÐÎH PQP∈1Q∈1ÔÐÆÓËÍÕÅÝÍÐÅÝÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÐÔ±ÕÇÄθQP QQQQ QQ θQQP´ QoÐßÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÏÈÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÔı±Ä±ÓÍÈÆÄÓÔÐËÔØÈÍÐÈÙËÓÍÐÄÓÑÒÄÆÄθQ’ÇÈθQ °ÓÕÎÎÊÒÕÇÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÐÄÎÇÔÐÆÐÎÓÒÇÆÏÊ×ÂÒÊÖÎÇÔÊÙÇÓÌÊ×jÏВÇÄ ÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔ ËÏÔÈÒÈÓ ËÊÕÙÈÏËÈ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÒÃÇÐÆÔ ÈÒÃÇÐÆÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎݱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÏÈÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÕÑÒÈÇÈÍÕlıÅÝÍÐÕÉÈÑбÄÊÄÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÏÝÈÒÃÇÝÇÄàÔÆÐÊÎÐÉÏÐÓÔÞ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÔÞ ÄÓËÎÑÔÐÔËÙÈÓ±ËÈ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ÓÎ Ñ ÄÔıÉÈÇÄÍÈÈÑ jÊÕÙÈÏËÈÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆØÈÍÈÓÐÐÅÒÄÊÏÐÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÆÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄȱВÇÄÇÍÃÏË×ÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍËÔÞ ÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛËÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ rÄÊÍËÙÏÝÈÎÈÔÐÇÝ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÓÕÎÎ ÒÃÇÐÆ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓà ÏÉÕÑÈÅÏÌ ÔÖÏÏÌÓÑÇÅÐÌÄÓÄÈÑÇnÈÔÐÇÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÒÃÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒȒÕÍÃÒÏÝÎÈÓÍËÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÒÃÇÄȒÐÓÕÎÎÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÎÈÔÐÇÕÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔÓÐÅÝÙÏÐÌȒÐÓÕÎÎÐÌÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ ’ÐÆÐÒÃÔ ÒȒÕÍÃÒÏÝÌ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÓÕÎÎËÒÕÈÔ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ ±È’ÐÓÕÎÎÈrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ ÎÈÔÐÇ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÒÃÇÄ ÓÒÈÇÏËÎË ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎËȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎqÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃÇËÑÕÓÔÞXXXQVQ XXXQQ µÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ È’Ð ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ× ÓÕÎÎ pÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÙÈÒÈÊ σQÓÒÈÇÏÈÈÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈÑÈÒÆÝ×QÙÍÈÏÐÆßÔÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËV V VQQσQ °ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔÖÏÏÌÓÖÉÏÞÏ ÏÉÕÑÈÑÏ ÔÓÉÈÐÌØÅÓÌ×ÏÉÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌزÚÌÔÎÖσÉÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^σQ`ÔÓÉÈÐÌØÅÓÌ×ÏÉÕÌÚÉÔ²ÌØɒÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØÔÖÏÏÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJσOLP σQ σQ→˜nÈÔÐÇÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÃÓÒÈÇÏËÎËÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±ËÎËÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒȒÕÍÃÒÏÝÎ ÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËà Ôı ±Ä± ËÊ ÔВРÙÔÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^[Q`ËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÈÏÏÄà ËÊ ÓÒÈÇÏË× ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÑÈÒÆÝ×ÈÈQÙÍÈÏÐÆ[ [ [ Q QQ ËÎÈÈÔÔÐÔÉÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÑ sÇÒՒÐÌÓÔÐÒÐÏÝÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕàÔÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÈÓÃÒÃÇݱÐÔÐÒÝÈÓÕÎÎËÒÕàÔÓÃÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÓÒÈÇÏË×ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×tıËÎÑÒËÎÈÒÐÎÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÒÃÇ´´Nd ßÔÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ VN VN ´ σN σN ´ N µ N sÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP σQ Ô ÈÒÃÇÓÕÎQ→˜ÎËÒÕÈÔÓÃÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÓÒÈÇÏË×ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×s ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏËÈÎ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËà ÒÃÇÐÆ ÎÈÔÐÇÐÎ ÓÒÈÇÏË×ÄÒËÖÎÈÔËÙÈÓ±Ë×ÎÝÆÓÔÒÈÔËÎÓÃÆÑ iÇÊÇÛÇ ÔÕÎÍÒDZ fâȾǵrËÏÑÓÒÇ ÖÙÓÊÎÑÓÖ×Î ÕÆÊÇfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÒÃÇÍËÒÃǘ˜∑ DQEQDQËEQ µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÈÓQ ˜∑ EQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÒÃÇ Q∑ DQ´DQÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃQ iÇÊÇÛÇ ÔÕÎÍÒDZ fËÊ˱ÎÒÊÇ ÖÙÓÊÎÑÓÖ×Î ÕÆÊÇ fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÒÃǘ˜∑ DQEQDQËEQ µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÈÓÍËÒÃÇQ D ∑ DQ´DQÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃQOLP→˜ QQ ËÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝÒÃÇĘ∑ EQВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÝQ‰ £ÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊá °ÓÏÐÄÏÝÇÐÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊá±ÒÐÓÔÇËÚÊÇÓÄÐËÓÔÄÂÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊËbÏÄÍËÔËÙÈÓ±ÐÈ ÆÝÒÄÉÈÏËÈ ËÎÈàÛÈÈ ÆËÇ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÏÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏfÄÇËÎÅÐÍÈÈÇÈÔÄÍÞÏÐÈËÓÔÒВÐÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈßÔВÐÑÐÏÃÔËðÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÅÓÅ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÉÍ ²ÑÏÒÎɲÔÐÞØ ÚÌÔÉÎ^DQ`Ì^SQ`’ÈÉSQ DDDQ Q ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÞÏÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏÌÑÆÑËÐÅÚÅÉÕÔĘ∏ DQQyÎÉÐÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ ^DQ` ÐÅËÞÇÅáÕÔÄ ÔÑÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÄÏÌ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑ’Ñ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄ Å ÚÎÉÐÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^SQ`¶É’ÑÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞÏÌÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÏÌÒÑÓÄȲÅQgÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ^SQ`ËÎÈÈÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌËÍËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏВÐÊÏıÄÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÌÑÒÈÇÈÍSQS OLP SQ OLP ∏ DNQ→˜Q→˜NÔÐ ßÔÐÔ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉÏ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑ’Ñ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄËÑËÚÕԘS DDDQ ∏ DQQtıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÄÏÄÍВËÙÏÐ ÓÍÕÙÄà ÒÃÇÄ ÊÇÈÓÞ ÐÇÏËÎ ËÔÈÎÉÈÓËÎÆÐÍÐÎÐÅÐÊÏÄÙÄàԱıÓÄÎÐÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÔıËȒÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÈÓÍËÐÏÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔgÓÍË×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇËÏËÊÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÔÐËÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈßÔВÐÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆȘÇÈÏËà ÒÄÆÏÐ ÏÕÍà ∏ DQ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÈÓÔÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐQ ÍĒÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝ× ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÐÔÍËÙÏÝÐÔÏÕÍÃÔÐÆÓȒÇÄËÅÕÇÈÎÇÈÍÄÔÞÏÈВÐÆÄÒËÆÄÃÓÑÈØËÄÍÞÏÐÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎfÍÃÔıË×ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÔÈÐÒËàÄÏÄÍВËÙÏÕàÔÈÐÒËËÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆÔËÎÐÑÒÄÆÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ cÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ ÉÔÎÌ ÑÐÑ ÌÏÉÉÕ ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ ÑÕÎÌÚÐÑÉ ÑÕÐÖÎÄdÑÒÐÔËÆÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÅÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÎÓÃÈÓÍËÑÒÈÇÈÍÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÍËÅÐÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàÍËÅÐ ¥˜ÍËÅÐÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔdÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÈÓ͢∏ DQ Q˜ÔÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏ DQÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÓÅÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔIJÐÖÎáQ± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ‡‡ ‡ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËȒÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÒÄÆÏÐ cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ´´ ´ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÇÍÃÏȒÐSQ ´QÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^´Q`ÏÈËÎÈÈÔÑÒÈÇÈÍĘ∏  Q  ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈQ±Ä±SQ QËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ OLP SQ ˜Q→˜ cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÍàÔı±Ä±ÊÇÈÓÞSQ Q˜∏  ´ Q  ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ÏÕQ fÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËØ ËÎÈÈÎ∏  ´Q Q SQ  ´ ´  ´     Q ‡(Q µ )(Q ) ‡ Q Q Q˜qÐßÔÐÎÕ OLP SQ Ô ÈÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏  ´Q→˜Q Q Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËȒÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÒÄÆÏÐ vÐÒÎÕÍÕdÄÍÍËÓÄÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÑ ( Q ) π OLP   Q → ˜ Q  ( Q µ )ÎÐÉÏÐ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ±Ä± ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÙËÓÍÄ π Æ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈQ Qπ Q µ Q qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈQ˜∏QH QÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÏÄÌÇÈÎȒÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈjÎÈÈÎ OQ Q & εQQεH HQSQ Hs H QQQQ’ÇÈ& µÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÄÃÌÍÈÒÄÓÎÑ Ä^εQ` µÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÑÐßÔÐÎ՘∏QQH OLP SQ H&Q→˜ QgÓÍËÆÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËËÐÔÅÒÐÓËÔÞÑÈÒÆÝÈQÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÔÐÑÐÍÕÙËÆÚÈÈÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËȘ∏ DQNNÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃQÏÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÏÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÏpÔÎÈÔËÎÑÒÐÓÔÈÌÚËÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ gÔÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÌÇÔÉɒÑÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄgÔÎÌ ²Å²ÑÉÎÌÆÑ ÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑÌÔÅÏÑÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÔËÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÍȒ±ÐÇбÄÊÝÆÄàÔÓÃÄÏÄÍВËÙÏÐÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÈÐÅÐÓÔÄÔ±Ä×ÒÃÇÄÓÎÑ tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËñıÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÈÒÆÝ× ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ Ôı ËÑÒËÓÐÈÇËÏÈÏËÈ ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÐÔÍËÙÏÝ× ÐÔ ÏÕÍà ÑÈÒÆÝ×ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÏÈÆÍËÃàÔÏÄȒÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞuqrbhogojfбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔбıÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏВÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ ÏÈ ÐÅÃÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÑÈÒÆÝ× ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÔıËÇÐÅÄÆÍÈÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏВÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÔÍËÙÏÝ×ÐÔÏÕÍÃÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÏÈÆÍËÃàÔÏÄȒÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ gÔÎÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßɒÑÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÞØÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌ͘TQ ∏ DQNN ÌÏÉÉÕÒÓÉÈÉÎÑÏÉÈÌÐÌÙÖOLP TQ Q→˜¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓ͢∏ TQ SQÔÐQPPS OLP ∏ DNTQ OLP ∏ DQN Q SP→˜P→˜N∏Ntı±Ä±NDNQOLP SQS Q→˜ÔÐSS OLP TQ OLP Q→˜Q → ˜ SQSÒËÓÈÙÓÊÎÑÓË ¾ÖÐÓÉÎË ÖÙÓÊÎÑÓÖ×Î ÈËÖ±ÓÒËÛÒÓ’Ó ÔÕÓÎÍÉËÊËÒÎÆ gÔÎÌ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßɒÑÔÑÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÉÍÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÉÈÌÐÌÙÉOLP DQ Q→˜SSQ µ QQ ÑЦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈDQ ßÔÐÎÕSSQ OLP DQ OLP Q→˜Q → ˜ SQ µ SpÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃ Ô È ÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËñÈÇËÏËØÈÏÈÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÇÍÃȒÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÔÐÆËÇÏÐÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒËÊÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝ×ÆÝÚÈÑÒËÎÈÒÐÆËƱÐÔÐÒÝ×ÕÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÓÔÒÈÎÃÔÓñÈÇËÏËØÈ ¬ÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊËuÓÔÄÏÐÆËÎ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÈ Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊË ¬ÐÚÊ fÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆÑ’Ñ ε ! ÐÅÛÎÑÔß ÕŲÑÉ Q ÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q ! QÌÇÔÉØPOÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑSQ P µ εSQ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð ¯ Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Þ qÕÓÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÏИÏÕÍà ∏ DQ OLP SQ S Q→˜Q qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ Q ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× Q ! QSÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_SQ_!!ÔÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ_ S Q N_N ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÓÏËÊÕÄÔı±Ä±ÆÓÈÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍËDQ Q ÔÐËÆÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^_SQ_`ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄ ÓÏËÊÕ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÐÌ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ ÔıÐÈÙËÓÍÐF!ÙÔÐ_SQ_!F Q iÄÇÄÇËÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐε!jÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË^SQ`ÓВÍÄÓÏбÒËÔÈÒËàlÐÚËÇÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓà ÔıÐÌ ÏÐÎÈÒ Q ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QËÆÓÈ×POÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_SQP´SQ_FεÔВÇÄSQ P µ _SQP´SQ_  Fε εSQSQ FÔ ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËȦ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Þ qÕÓÔÞ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ tВÇÄÇÍÃε ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×POÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐSQ P µ SQÐÔ±ÕÇÄ_ SQ_PSQSQPP µ _ S Q _P µ _ S Q __ S Q _P_ S Q _ SQSQËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^SQ`ВÒÄÏËÙÈÏÄÔ ÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈF!ÙÔÐ_SQ _PFQ iÄÇÄÇËÎÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐε!dÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QËÆÓÈ×POÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐSQ Pε µ  SQFÔ È_SQP´SQ _  ε _SQ _ P ε FÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^SQ`ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃÈÔ±ÒËÔÈÒËàlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃqбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍS OLP SQÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÏÕÍàgÓÍËÅÝQ→˜ÐÏ ÅÝÍ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà ÔÐ ÑÈÒÈÌÇà ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ Æ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈÑÒËP{˜QÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÐÎÝÑÐÍÕÙËÍËÅÝÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐP ε ÙÔÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÒÈÙËÔÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÎÕÆÝÅÐÒÕε!F £ÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊáÓÆÇËÓÔÄÊÔÇÍÞÏÝÎÊÓÐÎÏÐÈÊÔÇÍáÎÊfÐÓË×ÑÐÒÆÓÈÇбÄÊÄÏÏÝÈÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÅÝÍË ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÝ ÏÈÊÄÆËÓËÎÐ ÐÔ ÔВРÃÆÍÃÍËÓÞ ÍËË×ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍ˱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎËËÍËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙËÓÍÄÎËqÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ËÊÕÙÈÏËàÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÔÐÍޱРÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙËÓÍÄÎËdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈËÊÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎВÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐÆÓÈ È’Ð ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ÏÄÙËÏÄÃ Ó ÏȱÐÔÐÒВРÏÐÎÈÒÄ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝsВÍÄÓÏÐÉÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÕÑ ÐÔÅÒÄÓÝÆÄÏËȱÐÏÈÙÏВÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌÏÈÆÍËÃÈÔÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÇÐÑÐÍÏËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËÈ Ð ÔÐÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÓÈ ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝ ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÔ Ð’ÒÄÏËÙËÆÄÔÞ ÐÅÛÏÐÓÔË ËÊÕÙÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ Ó ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎËdÊÄËÎÏÐ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÕà ÓÆÃÊÞ ÎÈÉÇÕ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÎË ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÎËÓÑÐÍÐÉËÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎËËÒÃÇÄÎËÕÓÔÄÏÄÆÍËÆÄÈÔÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄÕђÑÚÕÑÆÞÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌɘ∏ DQ DQ! Q QÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÓÄȘ∑ OQ DQQ gÔÎÌ ÒÓÌ ÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌ ÓÄÈÅ ÚÌÔÎÑ V ÄÇÎÄÉÕÔÄ É’ÑÔÖÏÏÑÍ Å ÚÌÔÎÑ S µ ËÐÅÚÉÐÌÉÏ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑ’Ñ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÕÑS HV¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð dÓÄÎÐÎÇÈÍÈÈÓÍËVQ µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄÑÐÒÃDZÄQÇÍÃÒÃÇÄÄSQ µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÔВÐÉÈÑÐÒÃDZÄÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÔÐQQVQ ∑ OQ DN OQ ∏ DN OQ SQNNQ VÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐSQ H Q qÈÒÈÌÇÃÊÇÈÓÞ±ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÑÒËQ{˜ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÖÐÒÎÕÍÕqÒËËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÙÄÓÔÐÅÝÆÄÈÔÕÇÐÅÏÝÎȒÐÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍËDQÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃÔÞÆÆËÇÈDQ XQQ dÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÆÓËÍÕȒÐÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÓÎÑ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^XQ`ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÄÍÐÌ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÇÔÉXQQ ËÐŲÑÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÞÕ ÉÇÔÉXQOÌÎÌÇÔÉXQPÕÑÈÎÄÕђÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌɘ∏ XQQÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÓÄȘ∑ XQQ ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð sВÍÄÓÏÐÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÓÎÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÆÑ ËÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÎÕÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÔÈÐÒÈÎÄÆÑ ËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÔıÉȱıËËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐOLP XQ Q→˜qÐßÔÐÎÕÅÕÇÈÎÑÒÈÇÑÐÍĒÄÔÞßÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÏÝÎs×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÓВÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇĘ∑ OQ XQQ dÓËÍÕÉÈËÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞOQ XQ∼XQQ{˜Ë Ôı ±Ä± ÆÓÈ XQ ÐÇÏВРÊÏÄ±Ä ÔÐ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆÓÎÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÆÑ ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÓÒÃÇÐÎpÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÏÄÎË ÕÉÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ Ë ÐÙÈÏޘÑÒÐÓÔÐ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏  QQ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ÆÑ jÊ ßÔВÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÆÓËÍÕÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà µÈÛÈÐÇQ QÏÐÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˒ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈӱВÐÒÃÇÄd ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÊÏıÐÑÈÒÈÎÈÏÏÝ× XQ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎÈÓÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ gÔÎÌÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄÓÄÈޘ˜˜∑ XQ Q∑ X QQ ˜ÕÑÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉ ∏ XQÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄQ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓȒÐËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÐÆÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËà tВÇÄ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÈtÈÌÍÐÒÄOQ XQ XQ´ X QRX QËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐQ{˜X Q µ OQ ( X Q ) OLP XQQ→˜jÊßÔВÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓВÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÐÆÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃǘ∑ XQ´OQ XQQ˜Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÑÐÕÓÍÐÆËàÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ ∑ X QqÐÕÓÍÐQ˜ÆËà Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÒÃÇ ∑ XQ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ËÊ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄQ˜ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔË Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ∑ OQ XQÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕQ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËñ Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËȘ∏  Q[  [!QÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[!ËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[PsВÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[!ËÒÄÓ×ÐßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔВÐÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ [Q QÇËÔÓÃÑÒË[P˜ jÎÈÈÔÎÈÓÔÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÌÍÈÒĘ T∏ TQ ˜Q ∏ ( µ T Q µ )Q˜˜qÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ∏ TQ Ë ∏ ´ TQ ´ Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓà Ôı ±Ä±Q˜Q˜Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÃÇÝ ∑ TQË ∑ TQ´ÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ Q Q iÄÎÈÔËÎÈÛÈÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÄÏÄÍВËÙÏÝ×ÓÐÐÅÒÄÉÈÏËÌÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ˘ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ∏ ´ TQ ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓËÍÕQ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÃlÐÚËÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÈQOLP ∏ ´TN Q→˜NQtÈÑÈÒÞËÎÈÈÎQ˜QTN OLP ∏∏ TQ QOLPQ→˜→˜ ∏QNN µ T N µ TNQ∏( µ T N ) OLP ( ) ˜Q→˜ QNµ)∏ ( µ T∏ ( µ T Q µ )NNQNuqrbhogoj fбÄÊÄÔÞ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÔВРÙÔÐÅÝQ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÙÔÐÅݘ∑ OQ DQQ ˜∏QQDQ DQ ! ´˜ fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËXQQ Ë fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÈÓÍËÒÃǘ∏˜∑ XQQ ˜´˜ÔИ∏QXQ ˜∑ XQÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÒÃÇ Q∑ X QÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐQ XQ qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÕ±ÐÔÐÒВÐÒÃǘ∑ XQÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓØ∏QXQQ qÐÓÔÒÐËÔÞÑÒËÎÈÒÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÕ±ÐÔÐÒВÐÐÅÄÒÃÇʘ∑ XQËQ∑ X QÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓØ∏QXQQ ¢ÃÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÃÇÓÌÐÏÇÙÏÝÇÑÒÐÊÉÄÇÆÇÏÊádÈÒÏÈÎÓÃÓÏÐÆıËÊÕÙÈÏËàÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÆÐÐÅÛÈ ’ÐÆÐÒà ӱÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÎË ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÃÎË qÐÇÐÅÏÐ ÒÃÇÄÎÇÍÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌÆÆÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÏÃÔËÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ cÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌɘ∏ XQQÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÉÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌɘ∏ _XQ_Q´ § ° ² § ® ¢ fÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐÑÉ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÉÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÑÔßÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄËÐŲÑÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÞÍÓÄȘ∑ OQ _XQ_Q Å ÕŲÊÉ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÎÔIJÅÊÈÞÍÌËÓÄÈÑǘ∑ OQ XQQ ̘∑ XQQ ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð rÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃËÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÊÕÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃËËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ jÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˱ÄÉÇВÐËÊÒÃÇÐÆËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐ OLP XQ ÄÑÒËÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËËßÔВÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃËÎÈQ→˜ÈÔÎÈÓÔÐß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔÞOQ _XQ_∼_XQ_∼_OQ XQ_Q{˜qÐßÔÐÎÕÆÓÈÒÃÇݘ˜∑ OQ _XQ_Q ∑ _XQ_Q ˜∑ _OQ XQ_Q ÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓà ËÍË ÒÄÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓà ÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔ˱ÄÉÇВÐËÊÒÃÇÐÆËi Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È gÓÍË Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËȘ∏QÑÒËÙÈΘ∏Q XQ ˜ XQ∏ ( XQ )QÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÔВРÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË SQ Q ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎÑÐÒÃDZÄQÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËà ÔÐ ÐÅÒÄÔÏÄà ÆÈÍËÙËÏÄ SQ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÎÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÎ ÔВРÉÈ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВРÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃcÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃËÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐËÍËÏÈÔÔı±Ä±ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞËÔВÐËÇÒՒВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÃÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÄÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ jËÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÍÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕÌÆÉÔ²ÑÐÉÚÐђÑÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÔÎÉÈÖÉÕɒÑÔØÑÈÌÏÑÔÕߦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÇÄÉÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÒÃÇÙÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÓËÍÞÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËô § ° ² § ® ¢ iÐÅÚÉÐÌÉ ÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÜɒÑÔÄ ÒÓÑÌËÇÉÈÉÐÌÄÐÉËÅÇÌÔÌÕÑÕÒÑÓÄȲÅÔÑÏÐÑÊÌÕÉÎÉÍÔÐ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÝ ËÅÐ ÈÓÍË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÔÐ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ë ÒÃÇ ÐÏ ÓÐÆÑÄÇÄÈÔ Ó ÒÃÇÐÎ Ä ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏРȒРÓÕÎÎÄ V ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×gÓÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÔÐȒÐÊÏÄÙÈÏËÈÊÄÆËÓËÔÐÔÑÐÒÃDZÄÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌdßÔÐÎÍȒ±ÐÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÓÆÈÇÃÔÈÎÉÈÎÈÔÐÇÐÎÙÔÐËÑÒËÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏËÈ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ× ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÌ ± ÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛËÎÒÃÇÄα Ò Ê Î Ç Ò dÝÃÓÏËÎ ÑÒË ±Ä±Ë× [ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ( ± ) ∏  Q[ ˜QQµqÒË [ ! ßÔÐ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà Ôı ±Ä± qÒË [ PÐÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÐÏÈÄÅÓÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÃÇ ∑ [Q Q˜˜˜± ) Q µ Ë ∑ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÍàÔÏÐ ËÅÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÔÓà ÒÃÇÝ ∑ ([[QQQ Q ÎÕ oıÐÏÈØÑÒË[ P ÐÏÐÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñÏÕÍàÑÐÓ±ÐÍޱ՘( ± ) Q µ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ä ÒÃÇQ[ÒÃÇ ∑Q ÒÄÉÏÈÏËÈ ˜∑Q ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà ÓÎ ÕÑQ [ ¦ÉÇÔÂÖÕÏÌØÊá²ÊÎÂÏÂÊÑÒÐÓÔÝÇÙÊÓÍÂvÕϱØËÃζ[ ∑ [Q Q˜ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÄà ßÔÐÌ ÖÐÒÎÕÍÐÌ ÇÍà [ ! ÓÎ Ñ ±Ä± ËÊÆÈÓÔÏÐÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÇÊÈÔÄÖÕϱØËÈÌrËÎÄÏÄpÏÄ˒ÒÄÈÔÅÐÍÞÚÕàÒÐÍÞÆÐÎÏВË×ÆÐÑÒÐÓÄ×ÎÄÔÈÎÄÔËÙÈӱВÐÄÏÄÍËÊÄfбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÏÈÈ ËÎÈÈÔÓà ÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÈ ÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏËÈ ÆÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈζ[ ∏ S N[N µ ’ÇÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈÅÈÒÈÔÓÃÑÐÆÓÈÎÑÒÐÓÔÝÎÙËÓÍÄÎSNN ÆÊÃÔÝÎ Æ ÑÐÒÃÇ±È ÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËà ÆÑÒÐÙÈÎ ±Ä± ßÔÐ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ ÏËÉÈ ßÔÐ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈ ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐ Ë ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÏÈ ÊÄÆËÓËÔ ÐÔ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä ÓÐÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍÈÌ pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÆÐ ÆÓÈ× ÑÒÐÆÐÇËÎÝ× ÏËÉÈ ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÃ× ÏÈ ÅÕÇÈÔÑÒÈÇÑÐÍĒÄÔÞÓà ÙÔÐ ÑÒÐÓÔÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÏÐ’Ð Ô ÈÆÓÈ Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÆÈÒÏÐ Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÈÓÍË ÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ ÅÝÍÐ ÅÝ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ Ä ÏÈ ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ cÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ÑÒÐÓÔÝ× ÙËÓÈÍ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÐÔÇÈÍÞÏÐÇбÄÊÄÏÄ Æ ±ÐÏØÈ ßÔВРÒÄÊÇÈÍÄtı±Ä±∏  µ ∏  S [ S N[NNN µ ÑÒË[!Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃßÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄËÒÃÇ∑ [NSNÑÒË[ ! ÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓà  ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÑÒÐËÊÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ∏  ´ [ SNNÆÈÇÈÏËÈÓÎÊÄÎÈÙÄÏËÈÑÐÓÍÈÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ qÐÖÐÒÎÕÍÈÇÍÃÓÕÎÎݒÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒВÒÈÓÓËËËÎÈÈΘ ∑ P [S(P N ) µ [SNN ’ÇÈÒÃÇÝÆÑÒÄÆÝ×ÙÄÓÔÃ×ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÔÓÃiÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐ1ËÑÈÒÈÎÏÐÉËÎ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ ÐÔÆÈÙÄàÛËÈ ÆÓÈÎ ÑÒÐÓÔÝÎ ÙËÓÍÄÎSS ÏÈÑÒÈÆÝÚÄàÛËÎ1ÔВÇÄ31[GHI1 ( ) Q∑ Q [QS N P 1 µ S N[ ∏˜ ∑1[ Q’ÇÈ ÊÏı «ÊÆÈÊÇÐٱĬ Õ ÓÕÎÎÝ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËÈÒÄÓÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÃÈÔÓÃÔÐÍÞ±ÐÏÄÔÈÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄQO1ÆÒÄÊÍÐÉÈÏË˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÏÄÑÒÐÓÔÝÈÎÏÐÉËÔÈÍËÕÙÄÓÔÆÕàÔÔÐÍÞ±ÐÑÒÐÓÔÝÈÙËÓÍÄSN P1˱ÐÔÐÒÝÈÑÐÍÕÙÄàÔÓÃÑÒËÕÎÏÐÉÈÏËËÐÔÐÅÒÄÏÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÔËÎËÇÆÕÎÃÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÎËÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÐÅÍÄÇÄàÔÆÓÈÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ1tı±Ä±1˜ ˜  ∑[31[´ ∑ ∑ [ [QQQQ Q 1Q 1ËÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐOLP 1→˜ QÔИ∑1 Q[1˜ OLP ∑ [ ζ[ ∑ OLP 31[ ∏ [Q1 → ˜ Q Q 1 → ˜Q N µ S N[Ô ÈÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÈÏËÈÇбÄÊÄÏÐiÄÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÑÒË [ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ Æ È’Ð ÑÒÄÆÐÌÙÄÓÔËÓÔÐËÔ±ÐÏÈÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄÐÓÔÄÈÔÓÃÆÈÒÏÝÎÑÐßÔÐÎÕ1 ∑ Q QQS N P 1 µ SNS1 ∏˜ ∑11 ! ∑ Q Q Q1˜ÄÔı±Ä±’ÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐ OLP ∑ Q1˜→Q Q Q˜ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ ˜N µ SN∏jÊßÔВÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÎÏВÐÔı±Ä±ÈÓÍËÅÝË×ÅÝÍбÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÑÒÐËÊÆÈÇÈÏËÈ∏ ÅÝÍÐÅݱÐÏÈÙÏÝÎÔÐÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÅÈÓSNN µ ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÓÔËÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÅÝÍÐÇÄÏÐÈÛÈÌÍÈÒÐÎjÊÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÅÐÍÞÚÈÙÈÎÑÒÐÓÔбÐÏÓÔÄÔÄØËÃÔВÐÙÔÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐÔÐÔÖıÔÎÐÉÏÐÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞ Ë ÅÐÍÈÈ ÑÒÐÓÔÝÎ ÓÑÐÓÐÅÐÎ d ÓÄÎÐÎ ÇÈÍÈ ÇÐÑÕÓÔËÎÙÔÐÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈͱÐÏÈÙÏÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐSSSQtВÇÄÙËÓÍÐQ S SSQÅÐÍÞÚȱÄÉÇВÐËÊÙËÓÈÍSSSQËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÏ˱ıÐÎÕËÊÏË×ÄÆÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈÎÐÏÐÑÒÐÓÔÐÈÈÓÍËÅÝÐÏÐÅÝÍÐÏÈÑÒÐÓÔÝÎÔÐÐÏÐÇÈÍËÍÐÓÞÅÝÏÄÐÇÏÐËÊ ÙËÓÈÍ S S SQ Ôı ±Ä± ÑÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍÐÉÈÏËà ÇÒՒË×ÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍÏÈÔoÐßÔÐÏÈÔıÙËÓÍÐQÏÈÇÈÍËÔÓÃÏËÏÄÐÇÏÐËÊÙËÓÈÍSSSQËÅÐÑÒËÇÈÍÈÏËËȒÐÏÄÍàÅÐÈËÊÏË×ÐÓÔÄÔбÐÔÇÈÍÈÏËÃÒÄÆÈÏiÄÑËÚÈÎÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÆÆËÇÈ∏  ´ S  NNjÊÏȒÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÔÈÐÒÈÎÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃǘ∑N SNÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÓËÍÞÏÈÈÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÃÐÔÐÎÙÔВÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔı±Ä±ÊÇÈÓÞËÇÈÔÒÈÙÞÍËÚÞÐÏȱÐÔÐÒÝ×ȒÐÙÍÈÏÄ×rÄÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔËÏÖÐÒÎÄØËàÐÒÐÓÔÈÑÒÐÓÔÝ×ÙËÓÈÍSNÑÒËN{˜‰ ¶ÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝÇÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÊÊÒáÆÝ ³×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇËÊÒáÆÐÄdÏÄÓÔÐÃÛÈÎÑÄÒĒÒÄÖÈÅÕÇÕÔÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË Ë ÒÃÇÝ ÙÍÈÏÄÎË ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏȱÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÆÐÐÅÛȒÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËÔ ÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËIQ[∈ &Q ËÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÃÇݘ∑ XQ[ XQ[∈ & Q Q qÒ˱ÄÉÇÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÊÏÄÙÈÏËËÄҒÕÎÈÏÔÄ[ßÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÒÃÇÝÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÑÒÈÇÓÔÄÆÍÃàÔÓÐÅÐÌÕÉÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÆÚËÈÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÝÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÒÃÇÝqÕÓÔÞ; µÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐÔÐÙȱÑÒÃÎÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÑÒÐÓÔÒÄÏÓÔÆÄËÍËÆÐÐÅÛÈßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐÌÑÒËÒÐÇÝËÑÕÓÔÞ µÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËÌ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÝ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; Ë ÊÏÄÙÈÏËÃÎ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÆÐÐÅÛȒÐÆÐÒñÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈÙËÓÍÄ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕÕŲÅÄÒÑÔÕÑÄÐÐÅÄ0!ÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÌÇÔÉØQ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ_IQ[_P0jÏВÇÄÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÏÄÊÝÆÄàÔÔıÉÈÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÐÑÍ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÖÆÞÇÅáÜÉÍÇÑËÓÅÔÕÅáÜÉÍÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÌÇÔÉØQ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅIQ[PIQ[ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÇÔÉØ[∈;ÌÇÔÉØQ ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅIQ[OIQ[ÔÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÑÒÈÇÑÐÍĒÄÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÖÕϱØËËIQ[Q ÑÒËÏËÎÄàÔÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÊÏÄÙÈÏËðÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑÈÄÜÉÍÔÄ Ç ÕÑÚ²É [∈; ÉÔÎÌ ÚÌÔÎÑÇÅÄ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^IQ[`ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄqÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÉÍÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÑÐÅÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄDzÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅ;gÔÎÌ OLP IQ[ I[ÕђÑÇÑÓÄÕÚÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßQ→˜ÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJ×ÖвÙÌÌI[[∈;bÏÄÍВËÙÏÝÈÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÎÐÉÏÐÇÄÔÞËÇÍÃÒÃÇÄ°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈ ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ Ç ÕÑڲɘ[∈;ÉÔÎÌÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÚÌÔÎÑÇÑÍÓÄÈ ∑ XQ[QrÄÈÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÑÐÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄDzÅÊÈÑÍÕÑÚ²ÉàÕђÑÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÅnÝÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎßÍÈÎÈÏÔÝÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ;ÔÐÙ±ÄÎË°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄÈÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÉÔÎÌ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÓÄȘ∑ _XQ[_Q qÐÇÐÅÏÐÓÍÕÙÄàÙËÓÍÐÆÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÓÕÎÎÄQVQ[ ∑ XN[NQ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃQÍÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÑÍÔÖÏÏÑÍÒÃÇÄÑÒÈÇÈÍÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÒÃÇÄÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓÃȒÐÔÖÏÏÑÍV[V[ OLP VQ[Q→˜qÒËßÔÐÎÑËÚÕԘV[ ∑ XQ[Q˜Ë’ÐÆÐÒÃÔÙÔÐÖÕϱØËÃV[ÒÄÓ±ÍÄÇÝÆÄÈÔÓÃÆÒÃÇ ∑ XQ[Q rÃǘ∑ XN[NQÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà QÏ ÑÔÕÅÕ²ÑÏ ÓÄÈÅ pÓÔÄÔб ÒÃÇÄ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄ;ÔВÇÄËÔÐÍÞ±ÐÔВÇıВÇÄÏÄ;Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÓÄÎÒÃÇgÓÍËÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓÕÎÎÕÐÓÔÄÔ±ÄÒÃÇÄÐÅÐÊÏÄÙËÔÞÙÈÒÈÊUQ[ÔÐV[ VQ[UQ[lı Ë Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÙËÓÍÐÆÝ× ÒÃÇÐÆ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà±ÄÉÇÝÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝÌÒÃÇÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÄÒÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ^XQ[`Ë^VQ[`’ÇÈXQ[ µÈ’ÐÙÍÈÏÝÄVQ[ µÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈÓÕÎÎÝQVQ[ ∑ XN[ Q NqÒËßÔÐÎÇÍñÄÉÇÐÌÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÒÃÇÇÍñÐÔÐÒВÐÐÏÄÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞàȒÐÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝ×ÓÕÎÎyÍÈÏÝßÔВÐÒÃÇÄÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÃàÔÓÃÐÇÏÐÊÏÄÙÏÐX[ I[XQ[ IQ[´IQ´[Q qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÆÓñÕà ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÇбÄÊÄÏÏÕà ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ×ÒÃÇÐÆÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÖÒÄÊËÒÐÆÄÔÞÆÓÐÐÔÆÈÔÓÔÆÕàÛÕàÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÇÍà ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÝ× ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ Ë ÏÄÐÅÐÒÐÔÔÐÐÅÓÔÐÃÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐÏÈÐÇÏбÒÄÔÏÐÅÕÇÈÔËÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÔÞÓÃÆÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈα Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÕÓÔÞÇÄÏÒÃÇQQ]] ] ’ÇÈ] µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐjÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎȒÐÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËQ]qÒËÎÈÏËÆÎÐÓÔÞÔ ÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÓQÎÙÍÈÏÐÎXQ QÑÒËÊÏıfÄÍÄÎÅÈÒÄÑÐÍÕÙËÎX]Q OLP OLP Q→˜ Q XQQ→˜ÑÒË ÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÎ ] tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÒÃÇ ÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÄÊÏÄÙËÔËÑÒÐÓÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐαÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÎ]ËÍ˱ıÐÅÝÙÏВÐÆÐÒÃÔÏÄÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË jÊÕÙËÎÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄ[[ [ Q( [ )[’ÇÈ[ µÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÔÐÔÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÆÓÈ×[fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË [ ÔÐ ËÎÈÈÎ ÓÕÎÎÕ ’ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌ TdßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÑÒВÒÈÓÓËËÓÐÊÏÄÎÈÏÄÔÈÍÈÎT [ÓÕÎÎÄV[ÒÃÇÄÍȒ±ÐÆÝÙËÓÍÃÈÔÓÃ[V[ [ µ [gÓÍËÉÈ[ ÔÐÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄÒÄÆÏÝÏÕÍàÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËV tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÇÍÃ[ V[ [ ÇÍÃ[ 6 [\´6[eÒÄÖ˱ÖÕϱØËËV[ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÏÄÒËÓ lıÆËÇÏÐÏÈÓÎÐÔÒÃÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÒÃÇÄ µ ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÖÕϱØËË Ë ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËȒРÓÕÎÎÄ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÐÌ ÖÕϱØËÈÌsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Æ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ Ó×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒВРÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝÈ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËXQ[ȒÐÓÕÎÎÄV[ÆÐÐÅÛȒÐÆÐÒÃÏÈÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÌÔ È˜rËÓOLP V[ V[ ∑ XQ[[ → [QËÍËÙÔÐÔÐÉȘ˜OLP ∑ X[ ∑ OLP XQ[[→[[ → [ QQtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÕÎÎÝÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÙËÓÍÄÓÍĒÄÈÎÝ×ÏÈÐÅÃÊÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÒÄÆÈÏÓÕÎÎÈË×ÑÒÈÇÈÍÐÆrÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÑбÄÊÝÆÄÈÔ ±Ä± ÑÒË ÑÒÈÇÈÍÞÏÝ×ÑÒÐØÈÓÓÄ×ÓÕÎÎËÒÐÆÄÏËȒÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÐÌÑÒВÒÈÓÓËËËÊÑÒÐÓÔÝ× ÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ× ÖÕϱØËÌ ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔÓà ÖÕϱØËË ÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÅÐÍÈÈÓÍÐÉÏÐÌÑÒËÒÐÇÝ µÒÄÊÒÝÆÏÝÈÖÕϱØËËdÇÄÍÞÏÈÌÚÈÎÅÕÇÕÔÆÝÃÓÏÈÏÝÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒ˱ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÎÐÉÏВÄÒÄÏÔËÒÐÆÄÔÞÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÐÓÔÞÓÕÎÎÝÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÒÃÇÄÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÝ×ÖÕϱØËÌ ²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÂáÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÞÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝ×ÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇË°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ qÖÔÕß ËÅÈÅÐÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÍ Ì ×ÖвÙÌÄ I ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞÉ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; cÖÈÉϒÑÇÑÓÌÕß ÚÕÑ Ö²ÅËÅÐÐÅÄ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ²×ÖвÙÌÌIÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÈÎÄÎáÆђÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ Qε ÚÕÑ ÉÔÎÌ Q ! Qε ÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ_IQ[´I[_εqÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÄÜÉÍÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÉÔÎÌÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÖÉÕ×ÖвÙÌÄI²²ÑÕÑÓÑÍÑÐÅÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ;pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÔÐÐÏÄËÑÒÐÓÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñßÔÐÌÖÕϱØËËÏÄ;gÓÍË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^IQ` Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ±ÖÕϱØËË I ÔÐ ÓËÎÆÐÍËÙÈÓ±Ë ÅÕÇÈÎ ÊÄÑËÓÝÆÄÔÞ ßÔÐ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎIQ{I;gÓÍËÉÈßÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄ;±ÖÕϱØËËIÔÐÅÕÇÈÎÑËÓÄÔÞIQ{{I;iÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÈÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÑÒÐÓÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓñÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÔÐßÔÐÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ËÍàÅВÐ[∈;ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÐÎÈÒQ Qε[ÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌ ±Ä± ÐÔ ε Ôı Ë ÐÔ [ ÔıÐÌÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆQ!QËÎÈÈÔI[εÎÈÓÔÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐsÕÛÏÐÓÔÞÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËI[ÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÖÕϱIεØËÌÓÐÓÔÐËÔÆÔÐÎÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅÐI[´εI’Ðε!ÎÐÉÏÐÆÝÅÒÄÔÞÔıÐÌÏÐIQÎÈÒQεÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌÔ Ð Í Þ ± ÐÐ ÔI´εÊ Ä Ç Ä Ï Ï Ð ’ ÐεËÏÈÊÄÆËÓÃÛËÌÐÔ[[ÆÝÅÐÒÄÔÐÙ±Ë[∈;ÙÔÐÑÒËQ!QεrËÓÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓà ÆÓàÇÕ ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ;Ô È «’ÒÄÖ˱ˬ ÖÕϱØËÌ IQ ÒÄÓÑÐÍÐÉÈÏÝ Æ «εÑÐÍÐӱȬ бÒÕÉÄàÛÈ̒ÒÄÖ˱ÖÕϱØËËIÒËÓ tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ÑÒËÆÓÈ×ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÅÐÍÞÚË×QÄËÎÈÏÏÐÑÒËQ!QεÊÏÄÙÈÏËà ÖÕϱØËÌ IQ ÑÒËÅÍËÉÄàÔ ÖÕϱØËà I Ó ÑВÒÈÚÏÐÓÔÞàÎÈÏÞÚÈÌεÓÒÄÊÕÏÄÆÓÈÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;iÄÑËÚÈÎÇÍÃÏĒÍÃÇÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃËÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÓÑÐÎÐÛÞàÓËÎÆÐÍÐÆÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÃËÆÓÈÐÅÛÏÐÓÔË\GHIIQ{I B !ε!![∈;Qε!Q!Qε_IQ[´I[_ε;GHIIQ{{I B !ε!Qε![∈;!Q!Qε_IQ[´I[_ε;dßÔÐÌÊÄÑËÓËÐÇÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËÈÐÔÇÒՒВÐÐÔÍËÙÄÈÔÓÃÑÈÒÈÓÔÄÏÐƱÐÌÓËÎÆÐÍÐÆ![∈;ËQε± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[[[QÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>T@TÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÖÕϱØËËÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÒÄÆÏÐÌÏÕÍàfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËP[PTÔÐP[QPTQQ tı±Ä± OLP TQ ÔÐ ÇÍà ÍàÅВÐÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏВРε!ÓÕQ→˜ÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈQεÙÔÐTQεÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεdÓËÍÕÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄP[QεÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈>T@ QQQQQQtÄÉÈÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ\ÏÄ ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ > ÔıÉÈ ÐÙÈ\ [QÆËÇÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ± ÖÕϱØËË ÔÐÉÇÈÓÔÆÈÏÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÌ ÏÕÍà OLP [Q Q→˜ P[pÇÏıÐÆßÔÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÕÉÈ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ ÒËÓ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ[QQ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÄÓÞÅÝÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>±ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÌÖÕϱØËË [ÔÐÐÏÄËÑÒÐÓÔÐÓ×ÐÇËÍÄÓÞÅݱßÔÐÌrËÓÖÕϱØËË d ÓËÍÕ ßÔВРÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ > Ó×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÔÐÍޱбÖÕϱØËËÒÄÆÏÐÌÏÕÍàÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ßÔВÐÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÄiÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ OLP [Q ÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎÏÄÔÕ[→ÒÄÍÞÏÐÎQsÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐεεÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈ[ε[εÙÔÐ [ εQOεÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÑÒË[ε Q εËÎÈÈÎ [ εQ εqÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎεεÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıВÐÏÐÎÈÒÄQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q ! Q Ë ÆÓÈ× [∈> ÅÕÇÈÔ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓà ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ ÑÒËIQ[ [QI[ P[cÐÍÈÈÔВбıÐÈÅÝ1ÏËÆÊÃÔÞÇÍñ Ä É Ç Ð ’ ÐQO1ÏÄÌÇÈÔÓÃÔıÐÈ[∈>ÙÔÐÇÍÃÏȒÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÑÒÐÔËÆÐÑÐÍÐÉÏÐÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÕ Ô È _IQ[ ´ I[_ O ε Æ ±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈ ±ÐϱÒÈÔÏВР[ ÊÇÈÓÞÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈÆÝÚÈ[εjÔıÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>ÇбÄÊÄÏÄiÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐËÊÑÒËÆÈÇÈÏÏÝ×ÒÄÓÓÕÉÇÈÏËÌÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐËÏÄÍàÅÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈÆËÇÄU’ÇÈPUÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈsÍÈÇÕÈÔÐÅÒÄÔËÔÞÆÏËÎÄÏËÈÏÄÔÐÙÔÐÈÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËÌ IQ[ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏÏÝ× ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐΠȒРÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; µ ;ÔÐ ÐÏÄ ÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ë ÏÄ ÓÄÎÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÈÓÍË ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÏÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓà ÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ[∈;ÔÐÐÏËÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃËÇÍÃÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙȱ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; dÎÈÓÔÈ Ó ÔÈÎ ÈÓÍË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÖÕϱØËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ÔÐÐÏÄ Ë ÑÐÇÄÆÏÐ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐΠȒРÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈpÔÓàÇÄÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇÃÛÄÃÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@±ÖÕϱØËËI[ÑÒËÑÒËP[[ ÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÏÈÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÔı±Ä±ÐÏÄÕÉÈÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>uqrbhogojg fбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÇÍÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËIQ[ [QQÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÎıÓËÎÄÍÞÏВÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË Ô È ÔıВРÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄ ; ÙÔÐ ÊÄÇÄÏÏÄà ÏÄ ÏÈÎ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ä ÏÄ ±ÄÉÇÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÏÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÐÎ ßÔÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃ˱ÐÔÐÒÐÈÓÐÇÈÒÉËÔÆÓÈÅÈÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÐ;ƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÓÐÅÓÔÆÈÏÏВÐÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÐÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐqÈÒÈÌÇÈαÐÑËÓÄÏËà±ÒËÔÈÒËÈÆÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËfÍÃÖÕϱØËËIËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌ^IQ`ÊÄÇÄÏÏÝ×ÏÄ ÏȱÐÔÐÒÐÎ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÅÕÇÈÎ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÙËÓÈͱÐÏÈÙÏÝ×ËÍËÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ×VXS_IQ[´I[_ Q [∈;ÑÒËÏÄÇÍÈÉÄÛË× ÆÐÐÅÛÈ ’ÐÆÐÒà ÒÄÓÚËÒÈÏÏÐÎÕ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÕÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÝ×ÙËÓÈÍ 5ÓÎÑ ËÈÈÑÒÈÇÈÍÓÎÑ gÓÍËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^IQ`ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;±ÖÕϱØËËIÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QÆÈÒ×ÏËȒÒÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏÝfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËIQ{{IÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÇÍÃ;ÍàÅВÐε!ÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÇÍÃε ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ËÆÓÈ×Q!QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_IQ[´I[_ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐVXS _IQ[´I[_P[∈;qÐßÔÐÎÕÑÒËQ!QÆÓÈÆÈÒ×ÏËȒÒÄÏ˱ÐÏÈÙÏÝ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ qÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÍ ^IQ` ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞØÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇɲ×ÖвÙÌÌIÇÕÑÏÌÕÑÎß²ÑÕÑÏÔÎÖÚÅɲђÈÅOLP VXS _IQ[´I[_ Q → ˜ [∈;fÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ^IQ`ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÅÔßÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;²×ÖвÙÌÌIÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÐÅÛÎÅÔßÕŲÅÄÚÌÔÎÑÇÅÄÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^DQ`ÚÕÑOLP DQ DQOQ ³ ­ § ¦ ³ ´ ¤ ª §Q→˜Ì ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ QÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q!QÌ ÇÔÉØ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ_IQ[´I[_PDQ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ô Ç Ð Ò Ç Î Ý gÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÝ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÔÐÇÍñÄÉÇВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_IQ[´I[_ ε tВÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞVXS _IQ[´I[_P ε ε[∈;ÄßÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈÕÓÍÐÆËÃpÅÒÄÔÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐ ÔÐ ÑÐ ÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà±ÐÏÈÙÏВÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÄÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËßÍÈÎÈÏÔÐÆËÊ 5ÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐVXS _IQ[´I[_ε[∈;pÔÓàÇÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× Q ! Qε Ë ÆÓÈ× [∈; ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_IQ[´I[_εÔ ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà dÓËÍÕÔВÐÙÔÐÑÐÙÔËÆÓÈÙÍÈÏÝÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÆÈÒ×ÏËגÒÄÏÈÌÇÍÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌÖÕϱØË̱ÐÏÈÙÏݱÒËÔÈÒËÌÑÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÓÆÐÇËÔÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔ˱ÑÐÏÃÔËàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔ˦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ó Í Ç Æ Ó Ô Ä Ê á gÓÍË IQ {{ I ÔÐ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐ;Ó±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÎÕÆÝÚÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QÆÓÈ ÆÈÒ×ÏËÈ ’ÒÄÏË ±ÐÏÈÙÏÝ qÐßÔÐÎÕ ÊÄ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^DQ`ÎÐÉÏÐÆÊÃÔÞDQ VXS _IQ[´I[_ Q QQ[∈;ÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐ DQ O ÆÝÅÒÄÆ ÑÈÒÆÝÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ D D Q ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐtВÇÄÑÒËQ!QÕÓÍÐÆËÈÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÄÆÓËÍÕËÎÈÈÎ OLP DQ Q→˜gÓÍËÉÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÙËÓÍÐÆÄÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^DQ`ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÄÃÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎËÔÐÆÓËÍÕÇÍÃÍàÅВÐQ!QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐVXS _IQ[´I[_PDQ[∈;qÈÒÈÌÇÃ Æ ßÔÐÎ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÈ ± ÑÒÈÇÈÍÕ ÑÒË Q { ˜ ÑÐÍÕÙËÎÓВÍÄÓÏÐÙÔÐOLP VXS _IQ[´I[_ Q → ˜ [∈;dÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÈ ßÔВРÕÓÍÐÆËÃ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÓÎ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^IQ` ± ÖÕϱØËË I ÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;± Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý fбÄÉÈÎ ÈÛÈ ÒÄÊ Ó ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ÕÓÍÐÆËà ÙÔÐ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ [Q Q ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ>qÒÈÇÈÍÕ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÐÎ ÑÐÍÕËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈ ÒÄÆÈÏ ÏÕÍà ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊ ÐÙÈÆËÇÏВРÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQ ÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ VXS _[Q´_ P[ËʱÐÔÐÒВÐÃÆÓÔÆÕÈÔÙÔÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃQ qÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞIQ[ [Q Q P[ PÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@ÒËÓ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÔı±Ä±\OLP Ë [QP Q→˜ QQQ QQQQrËÓ[QQ P[ PQ ÆÝÓ±ÄÊÄÏÏÐÈ ÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ËÊÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ sÖÐÒÎÕÍËÒÕÈÎ Ë ÇбÄÉÈαÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÐÅÝÙÏÐ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÎÝÌ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÈÎlÐÚË´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊË ¬ÐÚÊ ÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐË Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊ ÑÐÓÍÇÆÐÄÂÔÇÍÞÏÐÓÔÇË fÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß ×ÖвÙÌÍIQQ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞØÐÅÐɲÑÕÑÓÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÎÅÔß ÐÅ àÕÑÏ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞÈÎÄÎáÆђÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎÕŲÑÍÐÑÏÉÓQεÚÕÑÈÎÄÇÔÉØÐÑÏÉÓÑÇQ!QεÇÔÉØÙÉÎÞØSOÌÇÔÉØÕÑÚɲ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÎÑÔßÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑ_IQS[´IQ[_ε¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Ï Ç Ð Ã × Ð Æ Ê Î Ð Ó Ô Ê qÕÓÔÞ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ ^IQ` ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; tВÇÄ ÓВÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÖÕϱØËÃIÔıÄÃÙÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_I[´IQ[_ε qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËQ!QεËSOÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ_IQS[´IQ[_P_IQS[´I[__I[´IQ[_ε¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð Æ Ð Ó Ô Â Ô Ð Ù Ï Ð Ó Ô Ê gÓÍË ÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏÐÕÓÍÐÆËÈÔÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎ[∈;ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞIQ[ Q ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓà ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞà ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛÈ̱ÒËÔÈÒËàlÐÚËÓÎÑ ËËÑÐÔÐÎÕÐÏÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃpÅÐÊÏÄÙËÎ ÑÒÈÇÈÍ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;ÙÈÒÈÊI[qбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ^IQ`Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÖÕϱØËËIÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÓÈ×ØÈÍÝ×SOËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_IQS[´IQ[_ ε iÄÎÈÔËÆÙÔÐ OLP IQS[ I[ÑÈÒÈÌÇÈαÑÒÈÇÈÍÕÆÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔS→˜ÆÈÑÒËS{˜ÔВÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÑÐÍÕÙËÎ_I[´IQ[_Pε εÄßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐIQ{{I;dÊıÍàÙÈÏËÈÐÔÎÈÔËÎÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÈÇÆÄÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ gÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕÌ^IQ`Ì^JQ`ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÔØÑÈÄÕÔÄ ÔÑÑÕÇÉÕÔÕÇÉÐÐÑ ² ×ÖвÙÌÄÏ I Ì JÕÑÎáÆÅÄÌØÎÌÐÉÍÐÅIJÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÄ^λIQµJQ`λ∈&µ∈&ÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÔØÑÈÌÕÔIJÕŲÑÍÊÉÎÌÐÉÍÐÑͲÑÏÆÌÐÅÙÌÌÒÓÉÈÉÎßÐÞØ×ÖвÙÌÍÕ É²λIµJ¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð gÓÍËλ µ ÔÐÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÏËÈÐÙÈÆËÇÏÐqÕÓÔÞ×ÐÔÃÅÝÐÇÏÐËÊÙËÓÈÍλËÍ˵ÐÔÍËÙÏÐÐÔÏÕÍÃÔ È_λ_ _µ_ ! iÄÖ˱ÓËÒÕÈÎ ÑÒÐËÊÆÐÍÞÏÐ ε ! d ÓËÍÕ ÕÓÍÐÆËÌIQ{IËJQ{JÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!Q{{;;ËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃàÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄεε _JQ[´J[_ _IQ[´I[_ λ µλ µÄÑÐßÔÐÎÕËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_>λIQ[µJQ[@´>λI[µJ[@_Pεε _µ_ εP_λ_ _IQ[´I[__µ_ _JQ[´J[__λ_ λ µλ µsВÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËàÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËßÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐλIQµJQ{λIµJ{; gÔÎÌÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^IQ`ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;²×ÖвÙÌÌIÅ×ÖвÙÌÄJђÓÅÐÌÚÉÐÅÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß^JIQ`ÕŲÊÉÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ;²×ÖвÙÌÌJI¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð p’ÒÄÏËÙÈÏÏÐÓÔÞ ÖÕϱØËË J ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÈ0!ÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ _J[_ P 0 d ÓËÍÕ ÉÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ^IQ` ± ÖÕϱØËËIÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐε_IQ[´I[_ 0ÄÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_J[IQ[´J[I[_ _J[_ _IQ[´I[_εÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐJIQ{{JI; ²ÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐÓ×ÐÆáÛÊÇÓáÖÕÏÌØÊÐÏÂÍÞÏÝÇÒáÆÝfÍà ÒÃÇÐÆ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÔıÉÈ ÆÆÈÓÔË ÑÐÏÃÔËÈ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË°ÑÒÇÆÇÍÇÏÊÇ rÄȘ∑ XQ[Q ÚÎÉÐÞ ²ÑÕÑÓÑ’Ñ ÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄ ×ÖвÙÌÄÏÌ ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞÏÌ ÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÐÅËÞÇÅÉÕÔÄÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜÌÏÔÄÐÅàÕÑÏÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ÉÔÎÌ ÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕß É’Ñ ÚÅÔÕÌÚÐÞØ ÔÖÏÏÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅ;tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÐÆÄÏËÈÔıÐÌÖÕϱØËËV[ÙÔÐVQ[{{V[;ÊÇÈÓÞ ±Ä± ÆÓȒÇÄ VQ[ µ ÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄà ÓÕÎÎÄ ÑÐÒÃÇ±Ä Q ÒÃÇÄQ jÊÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐVQ[{V[ÏÄ;ÑÐßÔÐÎÕV[ÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÓÕÎÎÐÌÒÃÇÄqÐÍÐÉËΘUQ[ ∑ XN[QNtВÇÄV[´VQ[ UQ[ËÕÓÍÐÆËÈÇÍÃÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ(ÒÃÇÄÎÐÉÏÐÑÈÒÈÑËÓÄÔÞÆß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÌÖÐÒÎÈUQ[{{;ÐÔ±ÕÇÄÆÓËÍÕß±ÆËÆÄÍÈÏÔÏÐÓÔËÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËÖÕϱØËÌËÕÓÍÐÆËÃÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÈÎÄ ÕÑ’Ñ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÔØÑÈÄÜÌÍÔÄ ÐÅ ; ÓÄÈÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑÌÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑÚÕÑÆÞOLP VXS _UQ[_ Q → ˜ [∈;tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ ËÊ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ Æ ÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÆÝÔȱÄÈÔÙÔÐÏÄÙËÏÄÃÓÏȱÐÔÐÒВÐÏÐÎÈÒÄÆÈÒ×ÏËȒÒÄÏË VXS _UQ[_±ÐÏÈÙÏÝÄÕÓÍÐÆËÈÓÆÐÇËÔÑÐÏÃÔËÈÒÄÆÏÐ[∈;ÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇıÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËà±ÏÕÍàÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔËßÔË×ÆÈÒ×ÏËגÒÄÏÈÌdÄÉÏÐÈÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛË×ÓÃÒÃÇÐÆÓÐÓÔÄÆÍÃÈÔÓÐÇÈÒÉÄÏËÈÓÍÈÇÕàÛÈÌÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÏÇÐÃ×ÐÆÊÎÐÇ ÕÓÍÐÄÊÇ ÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐË Ó×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆ gÔÎÌ ÓÄÈ ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑ ÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄ ÐÅ ÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÕÑÒÑÔÎÉÈÑÇÅÕÉÎßÐÑÔÕßɒÑÚÎÉÐÑÇXQ[Q ÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎáÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;Õ ÉXQ[{{;lÐÒÐԱРßÔÐ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÐ ÆÝÒÄÉÄÈÔÓà ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÖÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÄÜɒÑÔÄÓÄÈÅÑÆÜÌÍÚÎÉÐÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔÕÓÉÏÌÕÔIJÐÖÎá¦ Ð Ì Â É Â Ô Ç Í Þ Ó Ô Ä Ð qÕÓÔÞ ÒÃÇ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; pÅÐÊÏÄÙËΠȒРÙÄÓÔËÙÏÝÈ ÓÕÎÎÝ ±Ä±ÐÅÝÙÏÐÙÈÒÈÊVQ[ÄȒÐÓÕÎÎÕ µÙÈÒÈÊV[[∈;tВÇÄÇÍÃÍàÅВÐε!ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_VQ[´V[_  ε qÐßÔÐÎÕÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÐÔıÉÈÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ_XQ[_ _VQ[´VQ[__>VQ[´V[@>V[´VQ[@_ ε ε εÔÐ Ë ÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕà ÏÄ ÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ ; Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ±ÏÕÍà Ë ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔË ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄpÔÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐÆÓËÍÕÕÓÍÐÆËÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÈÓÔÒÈÎÍÈÏËȱÏÕÍàÐÅÛȒÐÙÍÈÏÄÒÃÇÄÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÙÔÐOLP VXS _XQ[_ Q → ˜ [∈;i Ä Î È Ù Ä Ï Ë È tÈÐÒÈÎÄ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÔıÉÈ ËÊ ÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛË×Óà ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÈÌ ÓÎ Ñ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ ÈÓÍË ÒÃÇ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃ Ô ÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓà ÕÓÍÐÆËÈ Ä ÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ë ÕÓÍÐÆËÈVQ´[ { V[ pÔÓàÇÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ Õ±ÄÊÄÏÏВРÓÆÐÌÓÔÆÄ ËÎÈÈÎ{;XQ[ VQ[´VQ´[{{;sÑÐÎÐÛÞàÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ËÏВÇÄÕÇÄÈÔÓÃÕÓÔÄÏÐÆËÔÞÙÔÐÒÄӘÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌ ÒÃÇ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ tı ÒÃÇ ∑ [QQ ÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒВÐÐÅÒÄÊÕàԒÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÒВÒÈÓÓËàÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÏÄËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈÑÐÓ±ÐÍޱձıßÔÐÅÝÍÐ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ Æ Ñ ÓÎ ÑÒËÎÈÒ ÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞ [QQ ÙÍÈÏÐÆßÔВÐÒÃÇÄÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÏ՘ÍàÏÄßÔÐÎËÏÔÈÒÆÄÍÈpÔÓàÇıÓÔÄÔËÓÍÈÇÕÈÔÙÔÐÒÃÇ ∑ ]QQ ’ÇÈ] µ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÈÙËÓÍÐÔıÉÈÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÆÈÇËÏËÙÏÐÎ ±ÒÕ’È _]_  Ôı ±Ä± ÐÏ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÕÉÈÏÄÑÐÇÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈßÔВбÒՒÄyÄÓÔÐ ÅÝÆÄÈÔ ÑÐÍÈÊÏÝÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌ ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÌ ÑÒËÊÏıÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÑÒÊÉÏÂ̤ÇËÇÒÚÔÒÂÓÓ qÖÔÕß ÈÅÐÞ ÈÇÅ ÓÄÈÅ×ÖвÙÌÑÐÅÎßÐÞÍÚÎÉÐÅÏ̲ÑÕÑÓђÑÄÇÎÄáÕÔÄ×ÖвÙÌÌXQ[ÑÒÓÉÈÉÎÉÐÐÞÉÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;ÌÚÌÔÎÑÇÑ͘∑ DQDQO Q Q gÔÎÌÓÄÈÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÌÈÎÄÎáÆђÑ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄáÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÅ_XQ[_PDQ Q ÕÑÓÄÈÅÆÔÑÎáÕÐÑÌÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÕÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ;bÅÓÐÍàÔÏÄÃÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÏÄ;ÆÓÍÕÙÄÈÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÓÒÄÊÕ ÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÑÐ ÑÒËÊÏÄ±Õ ÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËà ËÊÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄ rÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÄà ÉÈ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ßÔВРÒÃÇÄÍȒ±ÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÓÍÈÇÓÔÆËÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ Ñ qÒËÆÈÇÈÎËÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÈÇбÄÊÄÔÈÍÞÓÔÆÐqÕÓÔÞ V[ µ ÓÕÎÎÄ ÒÃÇÄ Ë VQ[ µ ȒРÙÄÓÔËÙÏÄÃÓÕÎÎÄ d ÓËÍÕ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÇÍà ÍàÅВРε ! ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÔıÐÌÏÐÎÈÒQεÙÔÐÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÓΘP∑Q DPεoÐÔВÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×Q!QεËÆÓÈ×[∈;ÇÍÃÒÄÊÏÐÓÔËV[´VQ[ÅÕÇÈÎËÎÈÔÞ_V[´VQ[_ ˜P˜˜∑Q XP[ PP ∑Q _XP[_PP ∑Q DPεÔ ÈVQ[{V[ÔÐËÐÊÏÄÙÄÈÔÓВÍÄÓÏÐÐÑÒÈÇÈÍÈÏËà ÒÄÆ{;ÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇÄÏÄÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈ;pÔÎÈÔËÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÏÄÊÝÆÄÈÔÓà ÒÃÇÐÎ ÎÄÉÐÒËÒÕàÛËÎÒÃǘd±ÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÑÒËÎÈÒÄÆÐÊÞÎÈÎÓÏÐÆÄÒÃÇ ∑ ]QÙÍÈÏݱÐÔÐÒВÐQ ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÔ ’ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±Õà ÑÒВÒÈÓÓËà rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎ È’Ð Æ ±ÒՒȘÒÄÇËÕÓÄU _]_ PU’ÇÈUyËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇ ∑ U QÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄQÔÈÍÞÏÝÎË ÙÍÈÏÄÎË ÐÅÒÄÊÕàÛËÎË ÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÕÅÝÆÄàÛÕà ’ÈÐÎÈÔÒËÙÈÓ±ÕàÑÐÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐÓÔÞÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÇÍÃÙÍÈÏÐÆÇÄÏÏВРÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏВРÒÃÇÄ ÓÑÒÄÆÈÇÍËÆÄ ÐØÈ챀 _]Q_ P U Q Ôı ±Ä±_]_PUÑÐßÔÐÎÕÐÏÓВÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÆÓñÐαÒՒÈ_]_ PUdÎÈÓÔÈÓÔÈαıßÔÐÅÝÍÐÑбÄÊÄÏÐÆÝÚÈßÔÐÔÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐƱÒՒÈ_]_qÒËÊÏı dÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÇÄÈÔ ÔÐÍޱРÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÈ ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ±ÐÔÐÒÝÈ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎËuÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÆßÔÐÎÇÍÃÒÃÇÐÆÕ±ÐÔÐÒÝ×ÓÆÐÊÒÄÓÔÄÏËÈÎ ÏÐÎÈÒÐÆ ÙÍÈÏÐÆ ÙÈÒÈÇÕàÔÓà Ë× ÊÏÄ±Ë ÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐ ÍȒ±Ð± ) ±Ä± Ë ÆÓñËÌ Ó×ÐfÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐ Ó×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓà ÒÃÇ ∑ (QQ ÇÃÛËÌÓÃÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇÎÐÉÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÔޱıÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛËÌÓÃÏÄÑÒËÎÈÒÏÄÆÓÈÌÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÐÓË5ÒÃÇȒÐÙÍÈÏÝQ˜( ± )XQ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓÃÖÕϱØËÃÎËÑÐÓÔÐÃÏÏÝÎËÏÄ5dÎÈÓÔÈÓQQ˜ÔÈÎ ÆÓñËÌ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÒÃÇ ∑ DQ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛËÌ ÕÓÍÐÆËàQ_XQ_PDQÔ ÈÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈÕÓÍÐÆËà PDQQ ÒÄÓQ± )×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐÑÒËÊÏıÕÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃtıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎÒÃÇ ∑ (QQ ˜Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ä Ó×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓà ÒÃÇÄ ∑ DQ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆИQQÒÃàÛȒÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÑÒËÊÏıÄdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÏÈÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔnÐÉÏÐÑбÄÊÄÔÞÙÔÐÅÐÍÈÈÔВÐÕÓÍÐÆËÃÑÒËÊÏıÄdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÏÈ ÃÆÍÃàÔÓà ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎË ÇÍà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÇÄÉÈ ÒÃÇÐÆ ÆÓÈ ÙÍÈÏÝ ±ÐÔÐÒÝ× ÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝ yÔÐÅÝ Æ ßÔÐÎÕÅÈÇËÔÞÓÃÑÒËÆÈÇÈÎÑÒËÎÈÒÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱȘ>@ÒÃÇÄ ∑ XQ[ÓÏÈÐÔÒËØÄÔÈÍÞÏÝÎËÙÍÈÏÄÎËÇÍñÐÔÐÒВÐQ˜ÔıÉÈ ÏÈ ÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔ Ó×ÐÇÃÛȒÐÓà ÙËÓÍÐÆВРÒÃÇÄ ∑ DQ ÕÇÐÆQ\QÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛȒÐÕÓÍÐÆËàpÑÒÈÇÈÍËÎÙÍÈÏÒÃÇÄXQ[ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎXQ[ ÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÄ× Ë XQ      Q Q  QQQËÖÕϱØËÃXQ[ÍËÏÈÌÏÄËÏÈÑÒÈÒÝÆÏÄÏıÄÉÇÐÎËÊÐÔÒÈʱÐÆXQ[QQrËÓ[   Ë    Q Q  QQ  Q Q gȒÒÄÖ˱ËÊÐÅÒÄÉÈÏÏÄÒËÓÕÏ±È ˜rÃÇ ∑ XQ[ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÐÔÒÈÊ±È > @ fÈÌQÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÈÓÍËUQ[ ˜NXN[ µÐÓÔÄÔбßÔВÐÒÃÇÄQ∑QÔÐÇÍÃÍàÅВÐ[∈>@ÓÒÈÇËȒÐÙÍÈÏÐÆÓÕÛÈÓÔÆÕÈÔÏÈÅÐÍÈÈÐÇÏВÐÇÍñÐÔÐÒВÐXN[ NOQqÒËßÔÐÎÐÙÈ ÑÐßÔÐÎÕPUQ[P ËÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÆËÇÏÐPXN[P PNQQÔÈÍÞÏÐUQ[ {{ ÑÒËQ{˜Ô ÈÒÄÓÓÎÄÔÒËÆÄÈÎÝÌÒÃÇÒÄÆ[ ]ÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÐÔÒÈʱÈ>@˜gÓÍË ∑ DQ µ ÔıÐÌ ÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌ ÒÃÇ ÙÔÐ ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× [∈> @QÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÈÔÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐPXQ[PDQÔÐ PD[ XQ[PDQQ[ ]˜ eÄÒÎÐÏËÙÈÓ±ËÌÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃËQ Q˜ÒÃÇ ∑ DQ tıËÎ ÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ Æ ÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÏÏÐÎ ÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÙËÓÍÐÆВÐQ ÒÃÇÄ ÕÇÐÆÍÈÔÆÐÒÃàÛȒРÑÐ ÐÔÏÐÚÈÏËà ± ÖÕϱØËÐÏÄÍÞÏÐÎ՘ÒÃÇÕ ∑ XQ[ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÑÒËÊÏıÄdÈÌÈÒÚÔÒÄÓÓÄÊÄÆÈÇÐÎÐÏÈÔQqÈÒÈÌÇÈÎÔÈÑÈÒÞ±ÕÓÍÐÆËÃÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄÃÆÍÃàÛËÎÓÃÐÇÏÐÆÒÈÎÈÏÏÐÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÝÎËËÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÝÎËiÄÎÈÙÄÃÙÔÐQSVQS[´VQ´[ ∑ XN[NQËÊ ÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÎ ÓÍÈÇÕàÛËÌ ±ÒËÔÈÒËÌ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË´ § ° ² § ® ¢ ÌÒÊÔÇÒÊˬÐÚÊÒÂÄÏÐÎÇÒÏÐËÓ×ÐÆÊÎÐÓÔÊÒáÆÐÄfÎÄÕђÑÚÕÑÆÞÓÄÈÓÅÇÐÑÏÉÓÐÑÔØÑÈÌÎÔÄÐÅÏÐÑÊÉÔÕÇÉ ; ÐÉÑÆØÑÈÌÏÑ Ì ÈÑÔÕÅÕÑÚÐÑ ÚÕÑÆÞ ÈÎÄ ÎáÆђÑε!ÔÖÜÉÔÕÇÑÇÅÎ ÕŲÑÍ ÐÑÏÉÓ QεÚÕÑ ÈÎÄ ÇÔÉØ Q!QεÇÔÉØ ÙÉÎÞØSOÌÇÔÉØ[∈;ÇÞÒÑÎÐÄÉÕÔÄÐÉÓÅÇÉÐÔÕÇÑQSN∑Q XN[ εpÙÈÆËÇÏÐ ÙÔÐ ËÊ ±ÒËÔÈÒËà lÐÚË ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄ ÈÛÈ ÒÄÊ ÈÓÍË Æ ÑÐÍÐÉËÔÞ S ÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃÔÈÐÒÈÎÄ Ô ÈÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎÐÈÕÓÍÐÆËÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔËÒÃÇÄuqrbhogojg dÝÃÓÏËÔÞ ÎÐÉÈÔ ÍË ÒÃÇ ÆËÇĘ∑ DQ]Q DQ Ë ] µQ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÝÈ ÙËÓÍÄ Õ ±ÐÔÐÒВРÅÈÓ±ÐÏÈÙÏÐ ÎÏВР±ÐßÖÖËØËÈÏÔÐÆ ÐÔÍËÙÏÝÐÔÏÕÍÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÞÓÃÏÄÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔ˱ Ò Ê Î Ç Ò Ý rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÓÏÐÆÄÒÃÇQQ]] ] ËÑбÄÉÈÎÙÔбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐÙËÓÍÐU!ÒÃÇÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐƱÒՒÈ_]_PUlı ÅÝÍÐ ÑбÄÊÄÏÐ ÒÃÇ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ ±ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÎ]ÆÙÄÓÔÏÐÓÔËÑÒË] UÔ ÈÙËÓÍÐÆÐÌÒÃÇQQUU U Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃdÐÊÞÎÈÎȒÐƱÄÙÈÓÔÆÈÒÃÇÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÇÍÃQUQ qÐßÔÐÎÕÕÔÆÈÒÉÇÈÒÃÇÄÔВÇÄÑÒË_]_PUËÎÈÈÎ ] P QQÏËÈ Ð ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ÏÈÑÐÓÒÈÇÓÔÆÈÏÏÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÔÈÐÒÈÎÝ qбÄÉÈÎ ÙÔÐ ÒÃÇ ÏÈ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ ÏÄ ÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔËÔÐÓÍÈÇÕÈÔËÊÏÈÆÝÑÐÍÏÈÏËÃÆÇÄÏÏÐÎÓÍÕÙÄÈ ÏÈÐÅ×ÐÇËÎВРÕÓÍÐÆËà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄÓÎÔÈÐÒÈÎÕ fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÑÒËÍàÅÐÎÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQQ] ˜OLP ] → ˜ Q qÐßÔÐÎÕÈÓÍËÊÄÇÄÏÐε!ÔбıÐÆÐÅÝÏËÅÝÍÐQ!ÆÓËÍÕQQQ Q] !εÔ È ] ÏÈÓÔÒÈÎÐÉÏÐÑÐÇÐÅÒÄÔÞ]ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ ÎËÔÓÃÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏбÏÕÍàÏÄÆÓÈ̱ÐÎÑÍȱÓÏÐÌÑÍÐÓ±ÐÓÔË jÓÓÍÈÇÕÈÎÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕàÓ×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞÒÃÇĘ∑Q [VLQQ[ Q ( Q[ )´˜[˜qÒÈÉÇÈÆÓȒÐÊÄÎÈÔËÎÙÔÐ[[VLQQ[ P ( Q[ )Q Q ( Q[ )fÄÍÈÈQ[O_[_ Q ÑÐßÔÐÎÕ[ P P Q Q ( Q ) Q ( Q[ ) nÝÆÐÓÑÐÍÞÊÐÆÄÍËÓÞÊÇÈÓÞÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐÎDEPDE±ÐÔÐÒÐÈÓÒÄÊÕÑÐÍÕÙÄÈÔÓÃËÊÐÙÈÆËÇÏВÐÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÄD´EO Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒtı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑ Q QÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ Æ ÓËÍÕ ÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆ Ë ËÓ×ÐÇÏÝÌ ÒÃÇÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓË rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ˜±QH∑Q pÙÈÆËÇÏÐ_H±Q [ [VLQ Q[_PQ_[_HVLQ Q[±Q [±Q [oÄÌÇÈÎÎıÓËÎÕÎÖÕϱØËËYQ[ Q_[_HÑÒËÖ˱ÓËÒÐÆÄÏÏÐÎQvÕϱØËÃYQ[ÙÈÔÏÄÃÑÐßÔÐÎÕÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÒÄÓÓÎÐÔÒÈÔÞÍËÚÞÓÍÕÙÄÌ[OÑÐÙÈÎÕ"qÒÐËÊÆÐÇÏÄà Y Q′ [ Q´Q[H±Q [ÐÅÒÄÛÄÈÔÓÃÆÏÕÍÞ tı ±Ä± YQ[ O ÇÍà ÆÓÈ× [ YQ ËÆ ÔÐÙ±È [ Q OLP YQ[ ÔÐ Æ ÔÐÙ±È [ ÖÕϱØËà YQ[ ËÎÈÈÔ ÎıÓËÎÕÎÑÐÙÈÎÕ"tıËÎÐÅÒÄÊÐÎ[ → ˜  H ´ YQ[PYQ   Q QQ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÙÔÐÓВÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕdÈÌÈÒËÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑ Q QÚÔÒÄÓÓÄ ÒÃÇ ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐ Ó×ÐÇËÔÓà ÏÄ ÆÓÈÌ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËnÈÔÐÇ ÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÝÌ ÇÍà ÕÓÔÄÏÐÆÍÈÏËà ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÌ Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔË ÒÃÇÄ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÈ ÏÄ ß±ÓÔÒÈÎÕÎ ÎÐÇÕÍà ÐÅÛȒÐÙÍÈÏÄËÍËȒÐÎÄÉÐÒÄÏÔÝÎÈÔÐÇÄÎËÇËÖÖÈÒÈÏØËÄÍÞÏВÐËÓÙËÓÍÈÏËÃÃÆÍÃÈÔÓÃÇÐÓÔÄÔÐÙÏÐÐÅÛËÎËÙÄÓÔÐÑÒËÎÈÏÃÈÔÓà ÏÄ ÑÒıÔË±È s ÑÐÎÐÛÞà ßÔВРÎÈÔÐÇÄ ÎÐÉÏÐ ÅÝÍÐ ÅÝ ËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÞ Ë ÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÕà Ó×ÐÇËÎÐÓÔÞ ÒÃÇÄ ÐÇÏıÐÑÒËÎÈÏÈÏÏÝÌÆÝÚÈÓÑÐÓÐÅËÓÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÏËÃÇÄÏÏВÐÒÃÇÄÊÏÄÙËÔÈÍÞÏÐÅÝÓÔÒÈÈÑÒËÆÐÇËÔ±ØÈÍË rÄÓÓÎÐÔÒËÎÒÃǘ ( ± ) Q ∑ ˜Q[ QsВÍÄÓÏÐÑÒËÊÏıÕmÈÌÅÏËØÄÓÎÑ ÐÏÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÑÒËÍàÅÐÎ ÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÎ [ Ë ±Ä± ÅÝÍÐ ÐÔÎÈÙÈÏÐ ÔÄÎ ÉÈ ÐÓÔÄÔбÒÃÇÄÐØÈÏËÆÄÈÔÓÃÑÈÒÆÝÎÓÆÐËÎÙÍÈÏÐÎ  _UQ[_ [ QQjÊ ßÔВРÓÍÈÇÕÈÔ ÙÔÐ UQ[ {{ ÑÒË ´˜  [  ˜ Ô È ÒÃÇÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄÆÓÈÌÇÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÌÐÓËqбÄÉÈÎÙÔÐßÔÐÔÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×fÈÌÓÔÆËÔÈÍÞÏÐÆÝÅÈÒÈÎÇÍÃÇÄÏÏВÐÙËÓÍÄ[±Ä±ÐÈÍËÅÐÏÄÔÕÒÄÍÞÏÐÈQ[ÔıÙÔÐÅÝ[PQ[tВÇÄÇÍÃÆÓÈ×QOQ[ÅÕÇÈÔÆÝÑÐÍÏÃÔÞÓÃÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔÆÐ[ PQÓÍÈÇÐÆÄÔÈÍÞÏÐËÏÈÒÄÆÈÏÓÔ O bÔı±Ä±ÒÃÇ ∑ ÒÄÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÔÐÆÓËÍÕÑÒËÆÐ QQ[ QQ ÊÏıÄÓÒÄÆÏÈÏËÃÒÃÇÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏИuqrbhogojgqÒËÆÈÓÔËÑÒËÎÈÒÒÃÇıÐÔÐÒÝÌÄÅÓÐÍàÔÏÐÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÆÓÈ×ÔÐÙ±Ä×ÏȱÐÔÐÒВÐÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÄÏÐÏÈÓ×ÐÇËÔÓÃÏÄßÔÐÎÎÏÐÉÈÓÔÆÈÒÄÆÏÐÎÈÒÏÐu ± Ä Ê Ä Ï Ë È sÎÑÒËÎÈÒ ËÊÑ rÃǘ∑ ]Q]∈&Ó×ÐÇËÔÓÃÆÐÔ±ÒÝÔÐαÒՒÈ.